The mechanical properties of thermoplastic composites depends on the thermal history during processing. So it is important to determine the temperature distribution in the composite during the thermoplastic filament winding process. A mathematical model about thermal conduction in the thermoplastic filament winding process was established. The finite element analysis software ANSYS was used to simulate the thermal conduction. Temperature distribution plots are gotten. Furthermore, the change status of layers is analyzed. The measurement system of the layers temperature field during the winding process was established, and the correctness of the finite element simulation is verified.