Aircraft structure is the foundation of aircraft platform and the most important bearing structure to ensure the safe and long-life use of aircraft. With the continuous development of aviation technology, aircraft design ideas continue to evolve and develop, and higher requirements are constantly put forward for the structural performance of aircraft body. The severe service environment and strict comprehensive functional/performance requirements make the structural integrity face major challenges. Aircraft structural health monitoring and management technology has the advantages of real-time and linearity. It is one of the important technical ways to ensure structural safety and reduce maintenance costs. Starting from the outline of aircraft structural integrity, this paper explains the basic connotation, tasks and implementation methods of aircraft structural health monitoring and management technology, summarizes the latest technical progress in this field at home and abroad, and looks forward to the development trend of structural health monitoring and management technology in combination with the development status of aircraft structural health monitoring and management technology in China.