Riveting is the main connection mode in aircraft assembly. High efficiency and high quality drilling and riveting technology is the key to improve the assembly quality and assembly efficiency of aircraft. With its high flexibility and low cost, the robot drilling and riveting system has gradually entered the field of aircraft assembly and becomes a new force in the automatic drilling and riveting system. Firstly, the research status and application of robot drilling and riveting system at home and abroad are introduced and analyzed. Then, the main problems existing in the robot drilling and riveting system at home are summarized. Finally, the key technologies to be solved in this area are summarized, which provide reference for the researchers.