In the face of the shape measurement tasks of some large components in modern aircraft assembly and manufacturing process, problems such as difficulty in data fusion and large cumulative error may arise when using handheld 3D laser scanners alone. Therefore, a combined measurement method based on handheld 3D laser scanner and photogrammetry system is proposed. The photogrammetry system was used to establish the global measurement coordinate system, and the transformation relationship between the local visual angle measurement coordinate system and the global coordinate system was obtained by matching the same visual points to realize the automatic stitching of local scanning data of handheld 3D laser scanner. The quality analysis report of the large component shape was obtained by comparing the measurement data model with the design prototype. Under the condition of ensuring the measurement efficiency, the combined measurement method can improve the measurement accuracy of the profile surface. Taking the measurement and analysis of the contour accuracy of a certain type of the front frame component as an example, the measurement accuracy can reach 23.6 μm, which proves that the scheme is effective and feasible.