Enhancing the wear resistance of TC11 titanium alloy is crucial for safety performance of key components of the aero-engine. In this paper, based on the surface mechanical attrition treatment, grain refinement and dispersion strengthening were achieved on the surface of TC11 titanium alloy by mixing the grinding ball and TiN powder, and a strengthening layer based on TiN particles was successfully prepared. Surface morphology and microstructure characteristics were investigated, and wear resistance was evaluated. The results indicate that surface roughness of the treated TC11 titanium alloy samples is significantly reduced, while surface hardness and wear resistance properties are significantly improved. Surface roughness of the TiN particles strengthening layer samples decreased by 43.29% and 23.14%, surface hardness increased by 9.48% and 1.8%, and width of the wear tracks decreased by 36.18% and 33.18%, respectively, when compared with the untreated and regular ground ones. This study provides a new approach to enhancing the wear resistance of TC11 and other titanium alloys, which is of reference significance in improving service performance of key components of the aero-engine.