Manufacturing defects in composite material structures and damage during service are inevitable, therefore, conducting research on composite material repair science and engineering technology is of great significance for ensuring the safe and reliable operation of advanced aviation aircraft throughout their entire life cycle. This article first elaborates on the connotation of composite material repair science and engineering technology; Secondly, the development direction of aviation composite material repair technology at home and abroad was sorted out, with a focus on analyzing the scientific and technical problems of advanced composite material repair theory, process, design, testing, and evaluation. The focus was also on the new cutting-edge repair design and technology of functional load-bearing integrated composite material structures; Finally, the future development trends of composite material repair science and engineering technology were discussed, providing reference for the research and application of intelligent and rapid repair technology for composite materials in China.