As a key process for spiral bevel gears, shot peening process induces residual compressive stress field on parts surface and improve their fatigue strength. In order to accurately calculate the residual stress field of the tooth surface after shot peening, we established a simulation model for the shot peening process of spiral bevel gears, which based on the coupling of discrete element method and finite element method. The errors between the simulated results and the experimental results are within 10%, which means the model can predict the residual stress distribution well. The correlation law between the shot peening process parameters and the residual stress distribution of AISI 9310 spiral bevel gear is investigated. The results show that under the processing parameters used in this paper, shot peening mainly affects the residual stress field from the surface of the target to a depth of 50 μm. When the coverage is 200%, the increase of shot diameter and velocity works little on the surface residual compressive stress. The maximum residual compressive stress will increase to –1251.5 MPa and the depth of maximum residual compressive stress increases to 40 μm with the increase of shot velocity and diameter. The residual stress calculation model established in this paper provides a tool for the optimization of shot peening parameters of spiral bevel gears, and makes the process calculable and predictable instead of the trial-and-error method.