With composite materials more and more widely used in the aerospace industry, the laser ultrasonic technique has been considered as an emerging advanced nondestructive testing technique. The principle and advantages of the laser ultrasonic technique have been analyzed, and the current development of the application of the technique in the areas of nondestructive testing of Laminate structure, complex composite structure, honeycomb sandwich structure, thermoplastic composites, and the evaluation of porosity has been discussed. A brief cost analysis of this technique has also been given in this paper. Finally, the existing problems and the future development trend of the application of the nondestructive testing technique in composite structures have been described. It has certain reference for the research and application of laser ultrasonic on the composite structure.