Laser shock peening (LSP) is a new anti-fatigue life extension technology applied to the key parts of aeroengines. The existing offline detection methods have the problem of “quality blind spot”. To improve the consistency, reliability and stability of LSP processing quality, it is necessary to carry out accurate perception of multisource information of LSP process and online evaluation of target surface integrity. This paper starts with two kinds of important physical information released by the transient high-energy process of LSP. Namely, laser induced plasma shock wave (LIPSW) and laser induced plasma spectroscopy (LIPS). The status of monitoring and perception of two kinds of information in LSP dynamic process and the research progress of multi-source information fusion technology in LSP field are summarized. Finally, the urgent scientific problems and existing challenges are analyzed.