The large aviation die forging hydraulic cylinder is the core component of the aviation die forging hydraulic press, providing a power source for the production of important die forging components in aircraft and aeroengines. Based on the constraints of quality inspection on the processing and the coupling relationship between two processes in the high-quality production process of such hydraulic cylinders, a production scheduling model for large aviation die forging hydraulic cylinders considering quality inspection was proposed to optimize the scheduling of both processing and quality inspection processes simultaneously. A dual-process hybrid double-layer coding method was designed, along with a decoding method based on the parity judgment of the total process numbers to determine the type of process. A scheduling system with functions such as parameter adjustment, task allocation, progress monitoring, and data feedback was developed based on the theories of NSGA–II and MOSA algorithm, and the effectiveness of the model and algorithm was verified through examples. Finally, the scheduling system was applied to a hydraulic production enterprise, ensuring that the quality of large aviation die forging hydraulic cylinders was excellent while significantly improving production efficiency.