Thin-walled stiffened composite structures have gradually been used in aerospace, naval vessels, extreme engineering and other high-end equipment due to their light weight, high strength, corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance and other advantages. This article reviews recent progress in terms of structural design of thin-walled stiffened structures, additive manufacturing processes for composite materials, and applications of thin-walled stiffened composite structures in high-end equipment. For the structural design of thin-walled stiffened structures, the methods including parametrization method, shape optimization method, topology optimization method, and other advanced methods are outlined. The development of composite additive manufacturing, such as filament winding, automatic fiber placement and 3D printing technology, and fiber path planning methods are discussed. Then, typical applications of thin-walled stiffened composite structures in the field of high-end equipment are sorted out. Moreover, the development trend and challenges of the design and manufacturing of thin-walled reinforced composite structures are summarized. Finally, we summarize the development trends and challenges in structure-process integrated design of thin-walled stiffened composite structures.