To improve the fatigue performance of turbine blade tenon, the surface integrity characteristics of K417G superalloy were studied by using a two-factor five-level response surface test method. The effects of shot peening intensity and coverage on surface roughness, residual stress, microhardness, and microstructure of K417G superalloy were investigated. Two response surface models of surface roughness and surface residual stress were established. The results show that, compared with shot peening coverage, shot peening intensity has a more significant effect on surface integrity characteristics. There is a saturation point of surface roughness with the increase of shot peening parameters. The error between the predicted and measured values of surface roughness and residual stress is less than 11% and 41%, respectively. When shot peening intensity is 0.13 mmA and coverage is 220%, better surface integrity characteristics can be obtained.