Gyroid type triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures exhibit outstanding performance in stiffness, energy absorption, heat dissipation, and thermal conductivity, making them highly promising for engineering applications such as cushioning and damping systems. However, adjusting the stiffness of TPMS structures often negatively impacts their energy absorption capacity and structural stability. This study proposes a derivative optimization design method that combines Voronoi-based porous structure design with a parameterized Gyroid approach, enabling tunable stiffness control of lattice structures while maintaining advantages in energy absorption and heat dissipation. Lattice structures based on Delaunay and Voronoi cells were fabricated using selective laser sintering (SLS), the effects of seed point distribution changes on the structural morphology and mechanical properties were also analyzed by compression experiments. Additionally, the heat dissipation performance and structural stability of two Voronoi-optimized lattice structures— isosurface columnar lattice structures (ISLS_V) and sheet-like ISLS_V (Sheet-ISLS_V) were investigated. The results demonstrate that the stiffness of the lattice structures can be adjusted by modifying the number and distribution of seed points. Benefiting from the smooth surface characteristics of Voronoi-cell lattices, the Sheet-ISLS_V structure at 1400 seed points exhibited superior strength and energy absorption capacity compared to the Gyroid structure, with a 6.3% increase in energy absorption rate. The optimized design of the Sheet-ISLS_V structure provides valuable insights for TPMS structural optimization and its engineering applications.