In order to improve the impact resistance of thermal insulation tiles, carbon fiber reinforced phthalonitrile resin matrix composite was selected as the toughening layer, and the thermal insulation tile composite structure with protective layer was prepared by an integrated molding process. Firstly, a drop hammer impact test was carried out to compare protective effect of different toughening layers on the insulation tiles under the same energy. Then, low-velocity impact tests with different impact energies and temperatures were carried out to study impact damage characteristics of CFRP toughened thermal insulation tiles. The results show that CFRP toughened insulation tile has the best impact resistance. When the thickness of toughening layer is 1 mm, the peak load under 10 J energy impact is 2.034 kN, the impact depth is 9.904 mm, and the energy absorption rate is 96.93%. After impact, the surface toughening layer shows interface delamination and fiber cracks, crushing damage occurs inside of the insulation tile to produce powder, forming a cavity in the impact area. The surface toughening layer can withstand an impact of 20 J energy without being penetrated, and is still of impact-protection effect after treated at 450 ℃. This study provides new ideas for the impact protection research of thermal insulation tiles in future.