Composite materials are widely used in the aerospace field due to their excellent comprehensive properties. The application range of composite materials is gradually expanding from secondary load-bearing structures to main load-bearing structures. The traditional metal assembly panels constituting the fuselage structure are gradually been replaced by composite integral panels. The composite panels with assembly processing characteristics that are different from traditional metal panels, therefore, new requirements for assembly methods and assembly processes are proposed. Aiming at the assembly process of aircraft composite fuselage panels, the large-scale measurement technology, the assembly positioning and attitude adjustment technology, and the advanced hole connection of composite fuselage panels are introduced. Research progress and application situation at home and abroad in recent years are systematically summarized, and the future research and application development direction of aircraft large-scale composite structure assembly technology is expounded.