Composite laminates are vulnerable to impact damage during service, which has adverse effects on the structure. The internal structural damage of composite materials caused by impact can shorten the service life of composite materials. Therefore, it is necessary for impact localization and damage monitoring of composite laminates. New carbon nanomaterials represented by carbon nanotubes (CNT) and MXene films have unique nanoscale structures and excellent physical properties. The MXene/CNT thin film sensor array is arranged in the monitoring range, and a localization algorithm suitable for the sensor array is proposed. The algorithm can accurately calculate and orientate the impact position of the monitoring area. At the same time, the damage of the workpiece can be judged according to the relative resistance change rate of the sensor. Finally, the results were compared and verified by ultrasonic C-scan equipment. The experimental results show that the sensor array response calculation matches the actual impact position, and the resistance change rate of the sensor is related to the damage severity.