Machine vision technology, characterized by its non-contact, high-precision, and automated features, has been widely applied in aerospace assembly. This paper reviews the current status of machine vision technology in aerospace assembly from the perspectives of visual measurement, visual guidance, and visual inspection. Visual measurement, through the acquisition of image information of components, realizes pose measurement, shape and size inspection, as well as hole position accuracy control, thereby enhancing assembly precision and reducing assembly errors. Visual guidance, through image analysis, accurately determines the relative pose of assembly robots or other equipment, thus improving the level of automation. Visual inspection is used to identify problems such as misfitting, overgrowth, and assembly damage during the assembly process to ensure the quality of the final product. In the future of aerospace assembly, machine vision technology will be integrated with other sensors and artificial intelligence techniques to build digital measurement systems, further enhancing the efficiency and precision of assembly.