The key components applied in the aerial and aerospace fields are often made of high-performance materials that are always difficult to machine, which has become a bottle-neck problem hindering the development of related industries due to the lack of high-efficiency and high-quality machining methods for these materials. In this paper, high-speed grinding (HSG) is proposed to solve the problems with conventional machining of titanium alloys, nickel-based superalloys, reaction-bonded silicon carbide (RB–SiC), and aluminum silicon carbide metal matrix composite (SiCp/Al). The surface integrity of different materials after grinding at various conditions are characterized, analyzed, and discussed. The results show that HSG can increase the workpiece surface strain gradient and temperature gradient, reduce the depth of subsurface damage, as well as improve grindability and grinding efficiency for difficult-to-machine metals, ceramics, and composites. The exploratory research in this paper provides a feasible technical route for high-efficiency and high-quality machining of difficult-to-machine materials for broad application prospects in aerial and aerospace fields.