In current work, two key techniques in laser fine surface processing—laser cleaning and laser polishing—are introduced in the improvement of material surface quality and performance. On the one hand, laser cleaning technique was used to remove the oxide layer on commercial aluminum alloy (5A06) surface. Results reveal that oxygen content on the laser treated surface is significantly decreased, improving the welding quality and avoiding the formation of porosity in fusion zone. On the other hand, laser polishing process is carried out on the laser-based additive manufactured titanium alloys (TC4 and TC11), showing that as-received Ti-based alloys with surface roughness more than 5μm can be reduced to less than 1μm through laser polishing process. Meanwhile, phase transformation occurs on the laser polished Ti-alloy surfaces, which brings great enhancement of microhardness and wear resistance. Finally, it was furtherly discussed on the composite laser treatment on Ni–Ti shape memory alloy (SMA) surface by combining laser cleaning and polishing technologies.