To investigate the effect of process parameter variations on grain orientation evolution and surface topography of Ti–6Al–4V (TC4) grinding surfaces, orthogonal grinding experiments were performed on TC4 specimens. The surface roughness and topography were subsequently measured using SEM and an optical profilometer. The Taylor factor corresponding to the grain orientations of each specimen group was calculated via the Taylor factor model. Subsequently, the mapping relationships among process parameters, grain orientation evolution, surface roughness, and surface topography were analyzed. The results show that surface roughness was positively correlated with the Taylor factor, grinding depth, and feed speed, while negatively correlated with the grinding wheel speed. Grinding depth exhibited the most significant influence on surface roughness, followed by feed speed and grinding wheel speed. Reducing the Taylor factor, grinding depth, and feed speed while increasing the grinding wheel speed can effectively prevent brittle deformation during surface formation, thereby improving grinding surface quality while balancing machining efficiency. The findings of this study provide theoretical guidance for controlling grinding surface quality and optimizing machining processes.