As a typical ceramic matrix composite (CMC), carbon fiber-reinforced silicon carbide matrix composites (C/SiC) exhibit outstanding properties, including high specific strength, high specific stiffness, and high-temperature resistance, making them widely applicable in aviation, aerospace, automotive, and other advanced engineering fields. To investigate the surface damage forms of C/SiC composites under different energy fields, this study conducted conventional scratching (CS), laser-assisted scratching (LAS), and laser-ultrasonic hybrid scratching (L-UHS) on three typical fiber orientations. The scratching forces and surface morphologies under these three scratching methods were systematically compared to analyze the influence of laser-ultrasonic hybrid energy fields on surface damage of the material. The results show that, compared with CS and LAS, L-UHS can effectively reduce scratching forces and improve machinability. L-UHS demonstrates distinct fracture mode transitions across different fiber orientations: In the parallel orientation, fiber bending fracture is significantly reduced, and the primary failure mode is interlaminar fracture; In the inclined and perpendicular orientations, the fiber failure mode transitions from bending fracture to shear fracture. This study provides theoretical guidance for laser-ultrasonic hybrid machining of C/SiC composites.