In-situ analysis and testing system based on the scanning electron microscope platform and compact mechanics platform can track the dynamic evolution process of characteristics for micro-scale and nano-scale structures and fractures during sample deformation in real time, dynamically, and continuously. It can more efficiently and accurately reveal the failure modes and mechanisms of materials, and then achieving iterative optimization of structures and properties by adjusting key characteristics of microstructures. The applications of in-situ analysis and testing technology based on scanning electron microscope in key aviation structural materials such as superalloys, titanium alloys, aluminum alloys, composite materials, high-strength steels, and high entropy alloys are summarized. It will provide new ideas for the study of material damage evolution and deformation behavior in aviation structural materials, and further promote the application of in-situ analysis and testing technology in the research and industrialization of aviation structural materials.