变体飞行器结构设计发展现状与前景展望

基金项目

国家自然科学基金项目(92271104,12102017,52305262);北京市自然科学基金(1232014)

中图分类号:

V2

文献标识码:

A

通信作者

张家应,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为变体飞行器结构设计、非线性动力学、智能结构设计、主动振动控制。

编辑

责编 :晓月

流转信息

收稿日期 : 2025-07-24

退修日期 : 2025-08-20

录用日期 : 2025-10-01

引用格式

引文格式:黄可, 刘全, 李怡锐, 等. 变体飞行器结构设计发展现状与前景展望[J]. 航空制造技术, 2026, 69(5): 25010127.

Research Progress and Prospect of Morphing Aircraft Structural Design

Citations

HUANG Ke, LIU Quan, LI Yirui, et al. Research progress and prospect of morphing aircraft structural design[J]. Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology, 2026, 69(5): 25010127.

航空制造技术    第69卷    第5期    113-139
Aeronautical Manufacturing Techinology    Vol.69    No.5 : 113-139
DOI: 10.16080/j.issn1671-833x.25010127
论坛 >> 智能变体飞行器(FORUM >> Intelligent Morphing Aircraft)

变体飞行器结构设计发展现状与前景展望

  • 黄可 1
  • 刘全 2
  • 李怡锐 1
  • 沈星 2
  • 王晨 2
  • 张家应 1
1.北京航空航天大学航空科学与工程学院北京 100191
2.南京航空航天大学航空学院南京 210016

通信作者

张家应,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为变体飞行器结构设计、非线性动力学、智能结构设计、主动振动控制。

基金项目

国家自然科学基金项目(92271104,12102017,52305262);北京市自然科学基金(1232014)

中图分类号:

V2

文献标识码:

A

流转信息

收稿日期 : 2025-07-24     退修日期 : 2025-08-20     录用日期 : 2025-10-01     

引用格式

引文格式:黄可, 刘全, 李怡锐, 等. 变体飞行器结构设计发展现状与前景展望[J]. 航空制造技术, 2026, 69(5): 25010127.

摘要

随着智能材料与先进制造技术的发展,受鸟类飞行启发的变体飞行器在克服变体机构的附加重量与驱动能量的功率限制方面取得进展,正逐步迈向工程应用。变体飞行器设计面临诸多挑战,包括维持光滑连续的气动外形、保障高效的操纵效率、满足结构承载与刚度各向异性的要求,以及确保飞行可控性等。本文系统阐述了现阶段变体飞行器的结构设计方法与关键技术,重点探讨了智能材料、柔性蒙皮及柔顺结构在变体机构/结构设计中的应用。通过分析力学超材料、智能致动器、柔性蒙皮和柔顺机构等关键技术面临的主要问题与挑战,展望了变体飞行器未来的发展趋势。

关键词

变体飞行器;智能材料;智能驱动器;柔顺机构;力学超材料;

Research Progress and Prospect of Morphing Aircraft Structural Design

  • HUANG Ke 1
  • LIU Quan 2
  • LI Yirui 1
  • SHEN Xing 2
  • WANG Chen 2
  • ZHANG Jiaying 1
1.School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
2.College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China

Citations

HUANG Ke, LIU Quan, LI Yirui, et al. Research progress and prospect of morphing aircraft structural design[J]. Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology, 2026, 69(5): 25010127.

Abstract

With the advancement of smart materials and advanced manufacturing processes, bio-inspired morphing aircraft have progressively overcome the limitations of morphing mechanisms in terms of weight and energy efficiency, sparking growing research interest among domestic and international aviation industries and academic institutions. Morphing aircrafts face multiple design challenges during development, including requirements for maintaining smooth and continuous aerodynamic surfaces, control efficiency, anisotropic load-bearing and deformation stiffness characteristics, as well as flight controllability. This paper comprehensively reviewed the structural design and key technologies for morphing mechanisms in large-scaled aviation platforms and small-scaled UAVs. The synergistic integration of compliant architectures, intelligent material systems, and advanced fabrication techniques was emphasized to advance the development and implementation of morphing mechanisms. Key technologies such as mechanical metamaterials, smart actuators and sensors, flexible skins, and compliant mechanisms were analyzed, along with their main challenges and unresolved issues, to prospect future development trends in morphing aircraft technology.

Keywords

Morphing aircraft; Smart materials; Smart actuator; Compliant structures; Mechanical metamaterials;



变体飞行器能够根据任务需求感知飞行工况,并自适应改变几何外形以达到最佳的飞行性能,已经成为未来飞行器发展的重要方向之一[   BARBARINO S, BILGEN O, AJAJ R M, et al. A review of morphing aircraft[J]. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2011, 22(9): 823-877.
  PREVITALI F, ARRIETA A F, ERMANNI P. Performance of a three-dimensional morphing wing and comparison with a conventional wing[J]. AIAA Journal, 2014, 52(10): 2101-2113.
1-2
]
。早期飞行器设计中已经利用柔性变形改变机翼几何特性,随着巡航速度和有效载荷不断增加,飞行性能次优的普通固定翼飞行器成为折中方案。现代飞行器的刚性结构无法实现光滑柔顺变形[   WAGG D J, BOND I P, WEAVER P M, et al. Adaptive Structures: Engineering Applications[M]. Hobken: Wiley, 2007.
  GOMEZ J C, GARCIA E. Morphing unmanned aerial vehicles[J]. Smart Materials and Structures, 2011, 20(10): 103001.
  LI D C, ZHAO S W, DA RONCH A, et al. A review of modelling and analysis of morphing wings[J]. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 2018, 100: 46-62.
3-5
]
,采用传统连接副和驱动装置的机械传动方案成为了技术制约下的最优选择。

近年来,随着智能材料、智能控制、人工智能、增材制造等技术的发展[   白鹏, 陈钱, 徐国武, 等. 智能可变形飞行器关键技术发展现状及展望[J]. 空气动力学学报, 2019, 37(3): 426-443.BAI Peng, CHEN Qian, XU Guowu, et al. Development status of key technologies and expectation about smart morphing aircraft[J]. Acta Aerodynamica Sinica, 2019, 37(3): 426-443.
  张旭辉, 解春雷, 刘思佳, 等. 智能变形飞行器发展需求及难点分析[J]. 航空学报, 2023, 44(21): 529302.ZHANG Xuhui, XIE Chunlei, LIU Sijia, et al. Development needs and difficulty analysis for smart morphing aircraft[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2023, 44(21): 529302.
6-7
]
,具有感知、判断、处理并识别外部或者内部激励的功能材料和具有自感知、自诊断、自驱动和自修复等能力的智能结构成为变体飞行器的结构设计的潜在方案[   QIU J H, WANG C, HUANG C Z, et al. Smart skin and actuators for morphing structures[J]. Procedia IUTAM, 2014, 10: 427-441.
  BARBARINO S, SAAVEDRA FLORES E I, AJAJ R M, et al. A review on shape memory alloys with applications to morphing aircraft[J]. Smart Materials and Structures, 2014, 23(6): 063001.
  杨森, 刘峰, 聂瑞, 等. 变体飞行器智能材料驱动器和柔性蒙皮研究进展[J]. 航空工程进展, 2024, 15(3): 1-12, 26.YANG Sen, LIU Feng, NIE Rui, et al. Review of smart materials actuator and flexible skin for morphing aircraft[J]. Advances in Aeronautical Science and Engineering, 2024, 15(3): 1-12, 26.
  杨正岩, 张佳奇, 高东岳, 等. 航空航天智能材料与智能结构研究进展[J]. 航空制造技术, 2017, 60(17): 36-48.YANG Zhengyan, ZHANG Jiaqi, GAO Dongyue, et al. Advance of aerospace smart material and structure[J]. Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology, 2017, 60(17): 36-48.
8-11
]
。仿生启发的无缝、光滑和柔顺的柔性变体方案使模仿鸟类高效飞行的人造飞行器成为可能[   BARBARINO S, BILGEN O, AJAJ R M, et al. A review of morphing aircraft[J]. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2011, 22(9): 823-877.
1
  GOMEZ J C, GARCIA E. Morphing unmanned aerial vehicles[J]. Smart Materials and Structures, 2011, 20(10): 103001.
4
]

2001年,NASA率先提出了未来变体飞行器概念[   MCGOWAN A R, VICROY D D, BUSAN R C, et al. Perspectives on highly adaptive or morphing aircraft[C]. Proceedings of the NATO RTO AVT-168 Symposium. Lison: Langley Research Center, 2009.
12
]
,用于展示未来飞行器的多用途功能。2003年,洛克希德马丁公司的折叠机翼方案[   BYE D, MCCLURE P. Design of a morphing vehicle[C]//48th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. Honolulu: AIAA, 2007.
13
]
在高低速、高低空等多目标场景中均可快速响应以及灵活适应多种任务。欧盟于2015年完成的智能飞机结构项目(Smart intelligent aircraft structures,SARISTU)[   KUZMINA S, ISHMURATOV F, ZICHENKOV M, et al. Wind tunnel testing of adaptive wing structures[M]//Morphing Wing Technologies. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2018: 713-755.
  WÖLCKEN P C, PAPADOPOULOS M. Smart intelligent aircraft structures (SARISTU): Proceedings of the final project conference[M]. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016.
14-15
]
,其主要目标是验证可变弯度机翼前缘和后缘、智能翼尖、结构健康监测以及多功能材料的集成。2021年,空客公司启动超性能机翼项目(Extra high performance wing,EHPW)[   AIRBUS. Airbus launches extra high performance wing demonstrator to fortify decarbonization ambition[EB/OL]. (2021-11-22) [2025-07-12]. https://www.airbus.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2021-09-airbus-launches-extra-high-performance-wing-demonstrator-to-fortify.
16
]
,采用可动翼尖和连续变弯度后缘实现多维度变形,进而改善飞机性能。

2018年开始,中国航空研究院牵头多家机构开展变弯度机翼技术研究,围绕其结构机理与实现途径提出多方案,并实现对前、后缘角度及变形的实时监测[   张盛, 杨宇, 王志刚, 等. 变弯度机翼后缘偏心梁设计与验证[J]. 航空学报, 2022, 43(6): 525892.ZHANG Sheng, YANG Yu, WANG Zhigang, et al. Design and validation of eccentric beam for variable camber trailing edge[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2022, 43(6): 525892.
17
]
。2024年,中国飞机强度研究所成功完成了基于力学超材料的全点阵分布式变形机翼结构的原理验证,实现了全点阵变形翼面分布式主动扭转变形控制[   强度与结构完整性全国重点实验室. 强度与结构完整性全国重点实验室代表性科学研究动态[EB/OL]. (2024-03-17) [2025-07-13]. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/7RBWbFOLUWosx7GrSkYF8A.National Key Laboratory of Strength and Structural Integrity. Representative scientific research activities of the National Key Laboratory of Strength and Structural Integrity[EB/OL]. (2024-03-17) [2025-07-13]. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/7RBWbFOLUWosx7GrSkYF8A.
18
]
,以上方案如图1所示[   MCGOWAN A R, VICROY D D, BUSAN R C, et al. Perspectives on highly adaptive or morphing aircraft[C]. Proceedings of the NATO RTO AVT-168 Symposium. Lison: Langley Research Center, 2009.
  BYE D, MCCLURE P. Design of a morphing vehicle[C]//48th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. Honolulu: AIAA, 2007.
  KUZMINA S, ISHMURATOV F, ZICHENKOV M, et al. Wind tunnel testing of adaptive wing structures[M]//Morphing Wing Technologies. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2018: 713-755.
  WÖLCKEN P C, PAPADOPOULOS M. Smart intelligent aircraft structures (SARISTU): Proceedings of the final project conference[M]. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016.
  AIRBUS. Airbus launches extra high performance wing demonstrator to fortify decarbonization ambition[EB/OL]. (2021-11-22) [2025-07-12]. https://www.airbus.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2021-09-airbus-launches-extra-high-performance-wing-demonstrator-to-fortify.
  张盛, 杨宇, 王志刚, 等. 变弯度机翼后缘偏心梁设计与验证[J]. 航空学报, 2022, 43(6): 525892.ZHANG Sheng, YANG Yu, WANG Zhigang, et al. Design and validation of eccentric beam for variable camber trailing edge[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2022, 43(6): 525892.
  强度与结构完整性全国重点实验室. 强度与结构完整性全国重点实验室代表性科学研究动态[EB/OL]. (2024-03-17) [2025-07-13]. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/7RBWbFOLUWosx7GrSkYF8A.National Key Laboratory of Strength and Structural Integrity. Representative scientific research activities of the National Key Laboratory of Strength and Structural Integrity[EB/OL]. (2024-03-17) [2025-07-13]. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/7RBWbFOLUWosx7GrSkYF8A.
12-18
]

图1     国内外主要的变体飞行器方案
Fig.1     Main morphing aircraft programs at domestic and overseas

面向未来飞行器大空域、宽速域、空天一体化的飞行场景,具有多域融合、多维变形等能力的“一机多能”变体飞行器成为新趋势[   张旭辉, 解春雷, 刘思佳, 等. 智能变形飞行器发展需求及难点分析[J]. 航空学报, 2023, 44(21): 529302.ZHANG Xuhui, XIE Chunlei, LIU Sijia, et al. Development needs and difficulty analysis for smart morphing aircraft[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2023, 44(21): 529302.
7
]
。如图2所示[   JOSHI S, TIDWELL Z, CROSSLEY W, et al. Comparison of morphing wing stategies based upon aircraft performance impacts[C]//45th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics & Materials Conference. Palm Springs: AIAA, 2004.
19
]
,BQM-34火蜂(Firebee)无人靶机可以通过变构技术,使其飞行性能在多个维度得到显著提升,以实现既像战斗机快速攻击,又可以像侦察机长航时巡航。

图2     变体飞行器航行时的多轴变形[   JOSHI S, TIDWELL Z, CROSSLEY W, et al. Comparison of morphing wing stategies based upon aircraft performance impacts[C]//45th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics & Materials Conference. Palm Springs: AIAA, 2004.
19
]
Fig.2     Multi axial deformation of morphing aircrafts when flying[   JOSHI S, TIDWELL Z, CROSSLEY W, et al. Comparison of morphing wing stategies based upon aircraft performance impacts[C]//45th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics & Materials Conference. Palm Springs: AIAA, 2004.
19
]

基于上述背景,本文对变体飞行器按照变形尺度和变形自由度进行分类,回顾国内外变体飞行器主要研究现状,系统归纳变体飞行器变形结构设计关键技术研究进展,进一步展望变体飞行器结构技术未来发展趋势。

1     变体飞行器研究发展历程

北大西洋公约组织(North Atlantic Treaty Organization,NATO)AS曾对变体飞行器给出定义[   张旭辉, 解春雷, 刘思佳, 等. 智能变形飞行器发展需求及难点分析[J]. 航空学报, 2023, 44(21): 529302.ZHANG Xuhui, XIE Chunlei, LIU Sijia, et al. Development needs and difficulty analysis for smart morphing aircraft[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2023, 44(21): 529302.
7
]
:通过实时改变气动布局和整体外形形状,使飞行器能够实时适应多种任务需求,并在多种飞行环境中保持效率和性能最优。这种广义定义包括了航空史上改变飞机外形的所有方法,如图3所示[   李军府, 艾俊强, 董海锋. 飞机变形技术发展探究[J]. 航空科学技术, 2009, 20(2): 3-6.LI Junfu, AI Junqiang, DONG Haifeng. Research on the development of aircraft morphing technologies[J]. Aeronautical Science and Technology, 2009, 20(2): 3-6.
20
]
。广义的变形概念不同于众多研究者们所关注的智能变体技术,智能变体技术更加精确地定义为[   张旭辉, 解春雷, 刘思佳, 等. 智能变形飞行器发展需求及难点分析[J]. 航空学报, 2023, 44(21): 529302.ZHANG Xuhui, XIE Chunlei, LIU Sijia, et al. Development needs and difficulty analysis for smart morphing aircraft[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2023, 44(21): 529302.
7
  李军府, 艾俊强, 董海锋. 飞机变形技术发展探究[J]. 航空科学技术, 2009, 20(2): 3-6.LI Junfu, AI Junqiang, DONG Haifeng. Research on the development of aircraft morphing technologies[J]. Aeronautical Science and Technology, 2009, 20(2): 3-6.
20
]
:采用智能材料与结构,通过先进的流动控制和飞行控制技术主动改变全机布局或气动外形以适应不同的任务需求,在不同飞行状态下均能获得最佳性能的变体飞行器。

图3     广义变体技术[   李军府, 艾俊强, 董海锋. 飞机变形技术发展探究[J]. 航空科学技术, 2009, 20(2): 3-6.LI Junfu, AI Junqiang, DONG Haifeng. Research on the development of aircraft morphing technologies[J]. Aeronautical Science and Technology, 2009, 20(2): 3-6.
20
]
Fig.3     Generalized morphing technology[   李军府, 艾俊强, 董海锋. 飞机变形技术发展探究[J]. 航空科学技术, 2009, 20(2): 3-6.LI Junfu, AI Junqiang, DONG Haifeng. Research on the development of aircraft morphing technologies[J]. Aeronautical Science and Technology, 2009, 20(2): 3-6.
20
]

第一架人造飞行器“飞行者一号”可视为首次采用变体技术的飞行器[   BARBARINO S, BILGEN O, AJAJ R M, et al. A review of morphing aircraft[J]. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2011, 22(9): 823-877.
1
  GOMEZ J C, GARCIA E. Morphing unmanned aerial vehicles[J]. Smart Materials and Structures, 2011, 20(10): 103001.
4
]
。飞行员通过踏板与绳缆驱动机翼扭转,实现飞行器的姿态控制。然而,现代飞行器结构刚度显著提升,依赖弹性变形的整体机翼几何形状调整已难以实现。通过改变机翼弯度成为改变机翼升力分布控制、提升飞行效率和实现飞行控制的有效手段[   RAYMER D P. Aircraft design: A conceptual approach[M]. 5th ed. Reston: AIAA, 2012.
21
]
。控制面采用传统连接副和驱动装置,利用部件的刚体平动和转动来实现机翼局部变形。此类机械式变形装置因其高可靠性在现代飞行器设计中得到深入研究和广泛使用。

但是,由于离散控制面存在的气动面不连续和间隙空腔,导致机翼表面存在流动分离并具有气动噪声,而光滑、连续的气动外形可以有效避免以上缺点[   RIVERO A E, FOURNIER S, MANOLESOS M, et al. Experimental aerodynamic comparison of active camber morphing and trailing-edge flaps[J]. AIAA Journal, 2021, 59(7): 2627-2640.
22
]
。制造成本、系统复杂度以及附加质量与变体得到的气动增益之间的矛盾成为变体飞行器技术发展的关键点[   CAMPANILE L F. Initial thoughts on weight penalty effects in shape-adaptable systems[J]. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2005, 16(1): 47-56.
23
]
:(1)通过变体技术获得的气动增益能否抵消质量增加和能量消耗的损失;(2)结合智能材料/结构、高效驱动器、柔顺机构等先进技术能否降低变体技术带来的额外附加质量。

变体飞行器具有多种不同的分类[   陈树生, 贾苜梁, 刘衍旭, 等. 变体飞行器变形方式及气动布局设计关键技术研究进展[J]. 航空学报, 2024, 45(6): 629595.CHEN Shusheng, JIA Muliang, LIU Yanxu, et al. Deformation modes and key technologies of aerodynamic layout design for morphing aircraft: Review[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2024, 45(6): 629595.
  张家应, 黄可, 武冠振, 等. 变体飞行器结构关键技术及研究进展[J]. 电光与控制, 2024, 31(1): 1-13.ZHANG Jiaying, HUANG Ke, WU Guanzhen, et al. Key technologies and research progress of morphing aircraft structure[J]. Electronics Optics & Control, 2024, 31(1): 1-13.
24-25
]
,即通过变形的尺度类型、实现的机构形式、智能程度和变构目的等给出了多个维度的分类方法。以变形尺度和变形自由度进行的划分如图4所示[   张平. 中等尺度变形内变体飞机结构设计与变形技术研究[D]. 南京: 南京航空航天大学, 2014.ZHANG Ping. Research on structural design and shape morphing techniques for morphing aircraft at midium scale deformation level[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2014.
26
]
,在后续阐述中以此为主要分类方式。表1[   JHA A K, KUDVA J N. Morphing aircraft concepts, classifications, and challenges[J]. Smart Structures and Materials 2004: Industrial and Commercial Applications of Smart Structures Technologies, 2004: 213.
  ANDERSON J D. Fundamentals of Aerodynamics[M]. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011.
27-28
]
2[   JHA A K, KUDVA J N. Morphing aircraft concepts, classifications, and challenges[J]. Smart Structures and Materials 2004: Industrial and Commercial Applications of Smart Structures Technologies, 2004: 213.
  ANDERSON J D. Fundamentals of Aerodynamics[M]. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011.
27-28
]
给出了机翼参数变化对气动性能的影响。其他变构形式,例如垂直起降设计的各类可重构方案[   王科雷, 周洲, 马悦文, 等. 垂直起降固定翼无人机技术发展及趋势分析[J]. 航空工程进展, 2022, 13(5): 1-13.WANG Kelei, ZHOU Zhou, MA Yuewen, et al. Development and trend analysis of vertical takeoff and landing fixed wing UAV[J]. Advances in Aeronautical Science and Engineering, 2022, 13(5): 1-13.
29
]
、动力装置变体[   顾韵. 一种发动机可变进气道的设计及优化[D]. 天津: 中国民航大学, 2021.GU Yun. Design and optimization of an engine variable inlet[D]. Tianjin: Civil Aviation University of China, 2021.
30
]
、飞行器头部变体[   白皓. 头部局部轮廓变形对增强飞行器机动性的研究[D]. 合肥: 中国科学技术大学, 2011.BAI Hao. Study of aerodynamic characteristics of aerocraft with local profile deformation[D]. Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2011.
31
]
、流动主动控制[   张家应, 黄可, 武冠振, 等. 变体飞行器结构关键技术及研究进展[J]. 电光与控制, 2024, 31(1): 1-13.ZHANG Jiaying, HUANG Ke, WU Guanzhen, et al. Key technologies and research progress of morphing aircraft structure[J]. Electronics Optics & Control, 2024, 31(1): 1-13.
25
]
等,不在本文的讨论范围。

图4     变形尺度和变形自由度分类[   张平. 中等尺度变形内变体飞机结构设计与变形技术研究[D]. 南京: 南京航空航天大学, 2014.ZHANG Ping. Research on structural design and shape morphing techniques for morphing aircraft at midium scale deformation level[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2014.
26
]
Fig.4     Deformation scale and deformation degree of freedom classification[   张平. 中等尺度变形内变体飞机结构设计与变形技术研究[D]. 南京: 南京航空航天大学, 2014.ZHANG Ping. Research on structural design and shape morphing techniques for morphing aircraft at midium scale deformation level[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2014.
26
]
表1     机翼面内几何参数对气动特性的影响[   JHA A K, KUDVA J N. Morphing aircraft concepts, classifications, and challenges[J]. Smart Structures and Materials 2004: Industrial and Commercial Applications of Smart Structures Technologies, 2004: 213.
  ANDERSON J D. Fundamentals of Aerodynamics[M]. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011.
27-28
]
Table 1     Effects of in-plane geometric wing parameters on aircraft performance[   JHA A K, KUDVA J N. Morphing aircraft concepts, classifications, and challenges[J]. Smart Structures and Materials 2004: Industrial and Commercial Applications of Smart Structures Technologies, 2004: 213.
  ANDERSON J D. Fundamentals of Aerodynamics[M]. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011.
27-28
]
参数 单一参数变化引起的增益
增加参数 降低参数
减少 提高 减少 提高
翼面积 翼载荷
起飞速度
转弯半径
升力 阻力 飞行速度
展弦比 诱导阻力 展向效率
巡航时间
转弯速率
寄生阻力
机翼重量
翼根弯矩
飞行速度
颠簸舒适度
弦长 展弦比 翼面积 翼面积 展弦比
展长 翼面积
展弦比
翼面积
展弦比
后掠角 压差阻力
激波强度
临界马赫数
最大速度
上反角效应
纵向稳定性
着陆俯仰角
气弹效应
结构质量
升力线斜率
横航向控制
锥度比 翼尖失速 机翼燃油量 结构质量 展向效率

表2     机翼面外几何参数对气动特性的影响[   JHA A K, KUDVA J N. Morphing aircraft concepts, classifications, and challenges[J]. Smart Structures and Materials 2004: Industrial and Commercial Applications of Smart Structures Technologies, 2004: 213.
  ANDERSON J D. Fundamentals of Aerodynamics[M]. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011.
27-28
]
Table 2     Effects of out-of-plane geometric wing parameters on aircraft performance[   JHA A K, KUDVA J N. Morphing aircraft concepts, classifications, and challenges[J]. Smart Structures and Materials 2004: Industrial and Commercial Applications of Smart Structures Technologies, 2004: 213.
  ANDERSON J D. Fundamentals of Aerodynamics[M]. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011.
27-28
]
参数 单一参数变化引起的增益
增加参数 降低参数
减少 提高 减少 提高
弯度 升力 阻力
厚度 升力
低速性能
阻力 流动分离可能性
高速性能
机翼安装位置 上反角效应
螺旋模态稳定性
起落架长度
干扰阻力
上反角 上反角效应
螺旋模态稳定性
荷兰滚模态稳定性
机动性
展向弯曲 大攻角升阻比 小攻角升阻比
扭转角 内洗:升力 外洗:翼尖失速
翼根弯矩
外洗:提高效率
前缘半径 低速性能 高速性能
翼梢小翼倾斜角 起降发动机需求
着陆噪声
升力
低速性能
展向气动效率

1.1     平面变形

机翼平面变形是针对机翼展长、弦长和后掠角的单一或多参数组合的变形[   BARBARINO S, BILGEN O, AJAJ R M, et al. A review of morphing aircraft[J]. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2011, 22(9): 823-877.
1
]
。展长和后掠角变化均会改变机翼展弦比,从而使得升阻特性变化。从空气动力学[   ANDERSON J D. Fundamentals of Aerodynamics[M]. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011.
28
]
的角度分析,机翼面积的改变会引起升力曲线斜率和升力分布的改变。在动力学[   AMEDURI S, CONCILIO A. Morphing wings review: Aims, challenges, and current open issues of a technology[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 2023, 237(18): 4112-4130.
  PARANCHEERIVILAKKATHIL M S, PILAKKADAN J S, AJAJ R M, et al. A review of control strategies used for morphing aircraft applications[J]. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, 2024, 37(4): 436-463.
32-33
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的角度分析,系统的惯性特性也会随着飞机构型的改变而变化。如图4所示[   张平. 中等尺度变形内变体飞机结构设计与变形技术研究[D]. 南京: 南京航空航天大学, 2014.ZHANG Ping. Research on structural design and shape morphing techniques for morphing aircraft at midium scale deformation level[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2014.
26
]
,根据变形自由度,机翼尺度的平面变形可以分为变展长、变后掠和变弦长3种技术方案。变展长和变后掠变体飞行器已经被应用在军事无人飞行器中,而变弦长技术主要应用在直升机桨叶设计。

1.1.1     变展长机翼

对于大展弦比飞行器,其航程和燃油效率较高,但是机动性和巡航速度较低。对于小展弦比飞行器,具有更高的飞行速度,机动性更强,但气动效率降低[   MCCORMICK B W. Aerodynamics, aeronautics, and flight mechanics[M]. New York: Wiley, 1979.
34
]
。变展长机翼可以集成两个优点于一体。不对称的变展长策略可以产生额外的滚转力矩以实现横航向控制。

大多数展长变形概念基于伸缩(Telescopic)机构[   AJAJ R M, FRISWELL M I, BOURCHAK M, et al. Span morphing using the GNATSpar wing[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2016, 53: 38-46.
  YUE T, ZHANG X Y, WANG L X, et al. Flight dynamic modeling and control for a telescopic wing morphing aircraft via asymmetric wing morphing[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2017, 70: 328-338.
  AJAJ R M, OMAR F K, DARABSEH T T, et al. Flutter of telescopic span morphing wings[J]. International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics, 2019, 19(6): 1950061.
  ZHANG W, GAO Y H, LU S F. Theoretical, numerical and experimental researches on time-varying dynamics of telescopic wing[J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 2022, 522: 116724.
35-38
]
,通过驱动外侧机翼在内侧机翼内伸缩实现。1931年的MAK-10通过这种变形机构实现翼展从13 m到21 m的变化[   WEISSHAAR T A. Morphing aircraft technology-new shapes for aircraft design[R]. West Lafayette: Purdue University, 2006.
39
]
。后续设计提出的MAK-123和FS-29等均采用这种庞大笨重的变构机制,因而无法广泛推广。Blondeau等[   Design of a morphing aspect ratio wing using an inflatable telescoping spar[C]//44th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. Reston: AIAA, 1718.
40
]
为无人机设计了三段充气式伸缩机翼。使用空心玻璃纤维外壳保持翼型,并采用气动驱动器替换翼梁。结构通过风洞试验验证发现可以实现机翼展弦比114%的变化。雷神公司基于变体飞行器结构(Morphing aircraft structures,MAS)项目[   WEISSHAAR T A. Morphing aircraft technology-new shapes for aircraft design[R]. West Lafayette: Purdue University, 2006.
  Design of a morphing aspect ratio wing using an inflatable telescoping spar[C]//44th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. Reston: AIAA, 1718.
  Aerodynamic and aeroelastic considerations of a variable-span morphing wing[C]//45th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics & Materials Conference. Reston: AIAA, 1726.
39-41
]
,以“战斧”导弹为设计对象实现弹翼的展向变化,由于空间尺寸限制了伸缩机构的装配,导致伸缩方案未能实现。后续的研究者又提出了铰链机构(Hinged Structures)[   AJAJ R M, SAAVEDRA FLORES E I, FRISWELL M I, et al. The Zigzag wingbox for a span morphing wing[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2013, 28(1): 364-375.
  JOHNSON T, FRECKER M, ABDALLA M, et al. Nonlinear analysis and optimization of diamond cell morphing wings[J]. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2009, 20(7): 815-824.
  WU G Z, TONG Y H, ZHANG J Y, et al. Design and dynamic analysis of a spanwise morphing wing for Mars exploration[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2024, 155: 109586.
42-44
]
、伸缩双翼梁(Twin Spars)[   AJAJ R M, FRISWELL M I, BOURCHAK M, et al. Span morphing using the GNATSpar wing[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2016, 53: 38-46.
35
]
、充气(Inflatable)机翼[   In flight aspect ratio morphing using inflatable wings[C]//46th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reston: AIAA, 2008: 425.
45
]
、多稳态(Multistable)柔顺机构[   BOSTON D M, PHILLIPS F R, HENRY T C, et al. Spanwise wing morphing using multistable cellular metastructures[J]. Extreme Mechanics Letters, 2022, 53: 101706.
46
]
等方案,如图5所示。表3为变展长机翼典型方案在可变形结构、蒙皮材料、驱动方式、设计目标和方案提升性能方面的对比。

图5     机翼变展长设计方案
Fig.5     Design schemes of variable span wing
表3     变展长设计典型方案对比表
Table 3     Comparison table of typical variable span wing design schemes
项目/名称(年份) 变形方案(结构类型) 蒙皮材料 驱动方式 设计目标 性能提升
MAK-10(1931年) 伸缩机构(机械机构) 硬质蒙皮 气动驱动 翼面积改变 展长增加62%
翼面积增加57%
充气式伸缩翼梁(2003年) 伸缩机构(机械机构) 玻璃纤维外壳 气动驱动 承受气动载荷
展弦比改变
展弦比增加114%
升阻比达到9~10
可充气式机翼(2008年) 充气机翼(柔顺机构) 聚氨酯薄膜 充气驱动 翼面积改变 翼面积增加150%
Zigzag翼盒机翼(2013年) 锯齿形翼盒(机械机构) 柔性蜂窝蒙皮 丝杆电机 增强气动效率
提供滚转控制
续航能力提升5.5%
GNATSpar机翼(2016年) 伸缩双翼梁(机械机构) 柔性硅胶蒙皮 齿轮齿条机构
机电电机
展长改变 展长增加20%
多稳态变展长机翼(2022年) 多稳态柔性翼梁(柔顺机构) 柔性硅胶蒙皮 直线电机 展长改变
升力增加
展长改变近60%
升力增加21%
火星探测无人机(2024年) 铰链机构(机械机构) 可折叠折纸蒙皮 卡扣扭簧机构 展长改变
承受机动载荷
展长增加118.18%
验证机成功试飞

1.1.2     变弦长机翼

现有绝大多数飞行器均可通过机械地、离散地调整前/后缘襟翼,实现机翼弦长和弯度的变化。最早通过伸缩机构实现弦长变化的是1937年的Bakshaev LIG-7[   WEISSHAAR T A. Morphing aircraft technology-new shapes for aircraft design[R]. West Lafayette: Purdue University, 2006.
39
]
,该机翼由6段弦向重叠的滑动部分组成,可实现机翼面积44%的变化幅度。

变弦长机翼的研究更多集中在直升机旋翼桨叶。美国CRG公司提出[   Morphing wing structures for loitering air vehicles[C]//45th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics & Materials Conference. Reston: AIAA, 2004: 1888.
47
]
利用记忆聚合物来设计变弦长机翼结构。Khoshlahjeh等[   KHOSHLAHJEH M, BAE E S, GANDHI F, et al. Helicopter performance improvement with variable chord morphing rotors[C]. Proceedings of the 36th European Rotorcraft Forum. Paris: ERF, 2010.
  KHOSHLAHJEH M, GANDHI F. Extendable chord rotors for helicopter envelope expansion and performance improvement[J]. Journal of the American Helicopter Society, 2014, 59(1): 1-10.
48-49
]
基于(Trailing-Edge Plate,TEP)概念[   LÉON O, GANDHI F. Rotor power reduction using multiple spanwise-segmented, optimally-actuated trailing-edge flaps[C]// Proceedings of the 35th European Rotorcraft Forum. Hamburg: DGLR, 2009.
50
]
实现了弦长20%的变化并降低所需驱动功率,Barbarino等[   BARBARINO S, GANDHI F, WEBSTER S D. Design of extendable chord sections for morphing helicopter rotor blades[J]. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2011, 22(9): 891-905.
51
]
采用蜂窝结构,利用旋翼离心力变化改变机翼弦长,图6为上述机翼变弦长设计方案。

图6     机翼变弦长设计方案
Fig.6     Variable chord wing design schemes

1.1.3     变后掠机翼

飞行速度提高导致的空气可压缩性不能忽略。机翼后掠角的增加可以提高临界马赫数,使飞机在高亚声速具有更佳的气动效率,但是大后掠角机翼构型在低速时操纵品质不佳[   BARBARINO S, BILGEN O, AJAJ R M, et al. A review of morphing aircraft[J]. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2011, 22(9): 823-877.
1
  GOMEZ J C, GARCIA E. Morphing unmanned aerial vehicles[J]. Smart Materials and Structures, 2011, 20(10): 103001.
4
]

1951年,兼顾低速和高速飞行性能要求的变后掠机翼在贝尔X-5飞机上首次应用并试飞成功。由于机翼变后掠时气动压心与结构质心会产生改变从而引起低头力矩,导致这款飞机未投入使用[   HALLION R P. On the frontier: Flight research at Dryden, 1946-1981[M]. Washington: NASA Scientific and Technical Information Branch, 1984.
52
]
。变后掠机翼于20世纪60~80年代蓬勃发展,如通用动力F-111、格鲁曼F-14、米高杨MIG-23和图波列夫Tu-160等均采用了变后掠技术,其中美国F-14和俄罗斯的Tu-160代表了此时期变后掠翼的最高水平。同一时期,我国基于MIG-23-MC对可变后掠机翼进行了研究,将其命名为“强-6”歼击机,但由于各种技术困难导致项目未继续开展研究工作[   张旭辉, 解春雷, 刘思佳, 等. 智能变形飞行器发展需求及难点分析[J]. 航空学报, 2023, 44(21): 529302.ZHANG Xuhui, XIE Chunlei, LIU Sijia, et al. Development needs and difficulty analysis for smart morphing aircraft[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2023, 44(21): 529302.
7
]
。即使变后掠机翼技术已逐步成熟,但因其造成极高的结构质量惩罚与复杂的控制系统等条件制约,并未在工程上大规模应用。

可变后掠机翼的设计方案不只是通过刚性旋转机翼实现单一后掠角的变化,如美国空军和NASA联合开展的F-111任务自适应机翼(Mission adaptive wing,MAW)项目[   AFTI/F-111 Mission Adaptive Wing flight research program[C]//4th Flight Test Conference. Reston: AIAA, 1988: 2118.
53
]
集成了变弯度和变后掠技术,其他多种变形自由度在变后掠机翼基础上集成这一措施成为后续研究主流[   陈树生, 贾苜梁, 刘衍旭, 等. 变体飞行器变形方式及气动布局设计关键技术研究进展[J]. 航空学报, 2024, 45(6): 629595.CHEN Shusheng, JIA Muliang, LIU Yanxu, et al. Deformation modes and key technologies of aerodynamic layout design for morphing aircraft: Review[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2024, 45(6): 629595.
  张家应, 黄可, 武冠振, 等. 变体飞行器结构关键技术及研究进展[J]. 电光与控制, 2024, 31(1): 1-13.ZHANG Jiaying, HUANG Ke, WU Guanzhen, et al. Key technologies and research progress of morphing aircraft structure[J]. Electronics Optics & Control, 2024, 31(1): 1-13.
24-25
]
。2001年美国国防部高级研究计划局(DAPPA)与美国空军研究实验室(AFRL)提出变体飞行器结构(Morphing aircraft structures,MAS)计划[   FLANAGAN J S, STRUTZENBERG R C, MYERS R B, et al. MCGOWAN A R, WASHBURN A E, HORTA L G, et al. Recent results from NASA’s morphing project[J]. Smart Structures and Materials 2002: Industrial and Commercial Applications of Smart Structures Technologies, 2002: 97-111.
  BOWMAN J, SANDER S, CANNON B, et al. Development and flight testing of a morphing aircraft, the NextGen MFX-1[C]//48th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. Honolulu: AIAA, 2007: 1707.
  Development of next generation morphing aircraft structures[C]//48th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. Honolulu: AIAA, 2007: 1730.
  JOSHI S, JHA A, RODRIAN J, et al. Design of the NextGen morphing wing wind tunnel model, AIAA-2007-1731[R]. Monterey: AIAA, 2007.
54-57
]
,针对低速和跨声速变形机翼技术进行重点研究,其中新一代航空技术(NextGen)公司提出了“滑动蒙皮”方案,并于2007年试飞了重约45 kg的MFX-1,实现了改变40%翼面积、变化30%展长和后掠角在15°~30°变化的技术指标,可增加75%的盘旋时间。次年试飞了重约90 kg且速度更快的MFX-2,变形仅需10 s,可以满足盘旋、巡航、爬升、高升力和高速机动的飞行需求。

从机构设计的角度来看,除了MFX系列的四连杆机构,剪铰机构[   YU Y M, LI X B, ZHANG W, et al. Investigation on adaptive wing structure based on shape memory polymer composite hinge[J]. International Conference on Smart Materials and Nanotechnology in Engineering, 2007, 6423: 64231D.
58
]
、仿生启发[   HARVEY C, GAMBLE L L, BOLANDER C R, et al. A review of avian-inspired morphing for UAV flight control[J]. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 2022, 132: 100825.
  SIDDALL R, ORTEGA ANCEL A, KOVAČ M. Wind and water tunnel testing of a morphing aquatic micro air vehicle[J]. Interface Focus, 2017, 7(1): 20160085.
59-60
]
、多稳态翼梁[   MATTIONI F, WEAVER P M, POTTER K D, et al. The application of thermally induced multistable composites to morphing aircraft structures[J]. Industrial and Commercial Applications of Smart Structures Technologies 2008, 2008: 693012.
61
]
等方案也用在了变后掠技术中,图7为上述技术所代表的飞行器和设计方案。表4为变后掠机翼的典型方案在可变形结构、蒙皮材料、驱动方式、变构时期、设计目标和后掠角变化范围上的对比。

图7     机翼变后掠设计方案
Fig.7     Variable sweep wing design schemes
表4     变后掠机翼典型方案对比表
Table 4     Comparison table of typical variable sweep wing design schemes
项目/名称(年份) 变形方案(结构类型) 蒙皮材料 驱动方式 变构时期 后掠角范围/(°)
X-5(1951年) 枢轴机构(机械机构) 硬质蒙皮 电机驱动 空中改变
固定后掠角
20,40,60
3档
F-111(1964) 枢轴机构(机械机构) 整体壁板蒙皮 液压驱动 飞行状态
自动调整
16~72.5
Tu-160(1981年) 枢轴机构(机械机构) 硬质蒙皮 电传驱动 飞行状态
自动调整
20~65
MAS MFX-1(2007年) 四连杆机构(机械机构) 硅胶蒙皮 电机驱动 飞行状态
自动调整
15~35
剪铰机构方案(2007年) 剪铰机构(机械机构) 记忆聚合物
复合铰链
地面试验 45~90
多稳态翼梁方案(2008年) 复材多稳态翼梁(柔顺机构) 地面试验
仿生启发方案(2017年) 枢轴机构(机械机构) 碳纤维预浸料 伺服电机驱动 飞行状态
自动调整
0~90

变后掠技术也应用于乘波体构型飞行器,但是单一变后掠在高速飞行时受到其他飞行性能的制约,因此需要与多种变形自由度的结合实现多维度变形[   DAI P, YAN B B, HUANG W, et al. Design and aerodynamic performance analysis of a variable-sweep-wing morphing waverider[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2020, 98: 105703.
62
]

1.2     面外变形

机翼面外变形是针对机翼扭转角、上反角和展向弯曲的单一或多参数组合变化的变形方案[   BARBARINO S, BILGEN O, AJAJ R M, et al. A review of morphing aircraft[J]. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2011, 22(9): 823-877.
1
]
,此类变体方式能够有效改变机翼升阻特性,尤其是对于大展弦比飞机,面外变形技术可以优化机翼的气弹效应,使其更好地适应不同飞行环境与任务需求。根据变形自由度,面外变形方案可以分为折叠机翼与折叠翼尖、展向弯曲变形与变上反角机翼和扭转变形机翼3种技术方案。

1.2.1     折叠机翼与折叠翼尖

与变展长机翼相比,折叠机翼通过面外变形形式驱动机翼发生弯折,一方面可调节机翼有效展长;另一方面可改变机翼的气动分布[   WANG W B, YUAN G Q, WANG W B, et al. Review on the structure design of morphing winglets[J]. Aerospace, 2024, 11(12): 1004.
  李斌, 张泽南, 贾飞, 等. 变翼尖机翼技术研究现状与发展趋势[J]. 航空学报, 2024, 45(19): 030042.LI Bin, ZHANG Zenan, JIA Fei, et al. Research status and development trend of morphing wingtip technology[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2024, 45(19): 030042.
63-64
]
。折叠机翼概念最早出现在二战时期,不过仅为解决航空母舰机库与甲板空间局限性而诞生[   ANDREWS W H. Summary of preliminary data derived from the XB-70 airplanes[M]. Washington: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1966.
65
]
。Su-33舰载机采用地面折叠翼尖系统,将翼尖与主翼段的接合处视为转轴,通过驱动翼尖绕转轴转动实现机翼折叠。XB-70战略轰炸机通过铰链驱动装置以及复杂传动系统实现了高传动比设计需求,实现高速飞行的翼尖折叠,拓宽了飞行任务包线。然而,复杂的驱动系统也带来了较高的质量惩罚,降低了折叠翼尖带来的整体气动提升[   DUSSART G, LONET M, O’ROURKE C, et al. In-flight folding wingtip system: Inspiration from the XB-70 Valkyrie[C]//AIAA Scitech 2019 Forum. Diego: AIAA, 1855.
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]

目前折叠机翼技术主要划分为主动折叠和被动折叠两个技术方向。主动折叠技术主要有3种用途:(1)通过翼段上折以减小机翼展长,从而提高机场或甲板的空间利用率[   张蕾, 陈玲. 外军无人机当前技术发展重点及前景预测[J]. 国防科技, 2009, 30(4): 11-15.ZHANG Lei, CHEN Ling. Key points in current development and prospects forecasting for military unmanned aircraft vehicles of foreign countries[J]. National Defense Science & Technology, 2009, 30(4): 11-15.
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;(2)将翼尖作为机翼操纵舵面,通过两侧翼尖的非对称偏转对机身产生滚转力矩,从而实现飞机滚转操纵,取代传统的控制舵面[   Morphing aircraft technology survey[C]//45th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reston: AIAA, 2007: 1258.
  陈小雨. 基于刚柔混合结构的折转翼尖设计及分析[D]. 大连: 大连理工大学, 2021.CHEN Xiaoyu. Design and analysis of morphing wingtip based on rigid-flexible hybrid structure[D]. Dalian: Dalian University of Technology, 2021.
  WANG C, KHODAPARAST H H, FRISWELL M I. Investigating the benefits of morphing wing tip devices-a case study[C]// International Forum on Aeroelasticity and Structural Dynamics (IFASD 2015). Saint Petersburg: IFASD, 2015.
  BOURDIN P, GATTO A, FRISWELL M I. Aircraft control via variable cant-angle winglets[J]. Journal of Aircraft, 2008, 45(2): 414-423.
68-71
]
;(3)根据飞机飞行状态实现翼尖折叠角度自适应控制,提升飞机巡航性能,从而达到降低飞行成本的作用[   URSACHE N M, MELIN T, ISIKVEREN A T, et al. Technology integration for active poly-morphing winglets development[C]//ASME 2008 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems, Ellicott City: ASME, 2008.
  SMITH D D, AJAJ R M, ISIKVEREN A T, et al. Multi-objective optimization for the multiphase design of active polymorphing wings[J]. Journal of Aircraft, 2012, 49(4): 1153-1160.
  SMITH D D, LOWENBERG M H, JONES D P, et al. Computational and experimental validation of the active morphing wing[J]. Journal of Aircraft, 2014, 51(3): 925-937.
72-74
]

目前被动折叠技术主要用于阵风下的机翼翼根弯矩减缓,英国空客公司与布里斯托大学合作研究了用于阵风载荷减缓的折叠翼尖机构[   CASTRICHINI A, SIDDARAMAIAH V H, CALDERON D E, et al. Preliminary investigation of use of flexible folding wing tips for static and dynamic load alleviation[J]. The Aeronautical Journal, 2017, 121(1235): 73-94.
75
]
,在此基础上研制了AlbatrossONE验证机,并进行了飞行试验以验证折叠翼尖的阵风载荷减缓作用[   WILSON T, KIRK J, HOBDAY J, et al. Small scale flying demonstration of semi aeroelastic hinged wing tips[C]// International Forum on Aeroelasticity and Structural Dynamics (IFASD 2019). Savannah: IFASD, 2019.
76
]
。Castrichini等[   CASTRICHINI A, SIDDARAMAIAH V H, CALDERON D E, et al. Preliminary investigation of use of flexible folding wing tips for static and dynamic load alleviation[J]. The Aeronautical Journal, 2017, 121(1235): 73-94.
75
  CASTRICHINI A, HODIGERE SIDDARAMAIAH V, CALDERON D E, et al. Nonlinear folding wing tips for gust loads alleviation[J]. Journal of Aircraft, 2016, 53(5): 1391-1399.
  CASTRICHINI A, COOPER J E, WILSON T, et al. Nonlinear negative stiffness wingtip spring device for gust loads alleviation[J]. Journal of Aircraft, 2016, 54(2): 627-641.
77-78
]
通过数值仿真的方法,研究了折叠翼尖铰链刚度、阻尼、扩口角和翼尖重心等因素对阵风载荷减缓效果和颤振速度的影响,并在此基础上研究了非线性铰链刚度对折叠翼尖阵风载荷减缓效果的影响[   CASTRICHINI A. Parametric assessment of a folding wing-tip device for aircraft loads alleviation [D]. Bristol: University of Bristol, 2017.
79
]
。Balatti等[   BALATTI D, KHODAPARAST H H, FRISWELL M I, et al. Experimental and numerical investigation of an aircraft wing with hinged wingtip for gust load alleviation[J]. Journal of Fluids and Structures, 2023, 119: 103892.
80
]
通过数值仿真与风洞试验方法研究了不同铰链刚度、翼尖质量以及重心位置对折叠翼尖阵风减缓能力的影响。近年来国内研究团队也在不断开展折叠翼尖阵风减缓效应的研究,叶博等[   叶博, 杨佑绪, 卢嘉成, 等. 带扩口折叠翼尖的大展弦比机翼气动弹性研究[J]. 西北工业大学学报, 2024, 42(2): 241-250.YE Bo, YANG Youxu, LU Jiacheng, et al. Aeroelasticity study of high span ratio wing with flare folding wingtip[J]. Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University, 2024, 42(2): 241-250.
81
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采用数值仿真方法,建立了折叠翼尖气动弹性模型,综合分析了铰链刚度、扩口角、翼尖质量及重心位置等多参数对阵风响应及颤振特性的影响。万里亮等[   万里亮, 王晨, 刘全, 等. 基于折叠翼尖的阵风载荷减缓飞行试验: 第七届全国流固耦合与非常流体力学学术会议论文集[C]. 北京: 中国力学学会, 2012.WAN Liliang, WANG Chen, LIU Quan, et al. Flight test of gust load alleviation based on folding wingtip: Proceedings of the 7th national conference on fluid-structure interaction and unusual fluid mechanics[C]. Beijng: The Chinese Society of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 2012.
82
]
基于小型固定翼无人机,设计了折叠翼尖结构与测控系统,搭建了折叠翼尖飞行试验平台,验证了折叠翼尖用于阵风载荷减缓的可行性。

上述翼尖折叠形式不可避免会产生缝隙。不连续的气动面会带来气动阻力和噪声,抵消翼尖变形带来的性能收益。研究人员发现柔性折叠机翼能够保持光滑连续的气动外形。柔性折叠机翼通过柔性段的弹性变形实现翼尖折叠,柔性变形段通常采用柔性结构或柔性蒙皮实现。Han等[   HAN M W, RODRIGUE H, KIM H I, et al. Shape memory alloy/glass fiber woven composite for soft morphing winglets of unmanned aerial vehicles[J]. Composite Structures, 2016, 140: 202-212.
83
]
基于仿生学的启发提出了一种以聚二甲基硅氧烷为基体,采用形状记忆合金丝和玻璃纤维编织而成的集成化柔性变形结构。风洞试验结果表明,攻角>5°时,变形翼梢升阻比与平直机翼相比增加5.8%。Mayer等[   MEYER P, HÜHNE C, BRAMSIEPE K, et al. Aeroelastic analysis of actuated adaptive wingtips based on pressure actuation[J]. Journal of Aircraft, 2023, 61(1): 307-316.
84
]
通过气囊单元设计了气压驱动的自适应柔性翼尖,通过气动弹性分析,验证了该方案可以承受2.5g的机动载荷,在主动和被动控制下,将翼根弯矩降低至4.2%和7.8%。Wang等[   WANG C, KHODAPARAST H H, FRISWELL M I. Conceptual study of a morphing winglet based on unsymmetrical stiffness[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2016, 58: 546-558.
  WANG C, KHODAPARAST H H, FRISWELL M I, et al. Compliant structures based on stiffness asymmetry[J]. The Aeronautical Journal, 2018, 122(1249): 442-461.
  WANG C, HADDAD KHODAPARAST H, FRISWELL M I, et al. Development of a morphing wingtip based on compliant structures[J]. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2018, 29(16): 3293-3304.
85-87
]
提出了一种基于非对称刚度的波纹板结构,推导了二维简化解析模型以预测不同驱动力下的结构变形,并通过有限元分析与试验验证了解析模型的准确性。进一步,在考虑翼尖结构连续折叠变形和承受外界气动载荷的情况下,提出了一种基于非对称刚度波纹板的柔性折叠翼尖结构,研究结果表明,增大结构的非对称刚度特性将会引起更大的折叠角度,且增大结构的总体刚度可以增强结构的气动载荷承受能力。He等[   HE Z Y, FAN S Y, WANG C, et al. Conceptual design of compliant structures for morphing wingtips using single-row corrugated panels[J]. Aerospace, 2024, 11(8): 682.
88
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基于有限元方法研究了波纹板厚度参数对非对称波纹板拉弯耦合特性的影响,在此基础上利用地面试验研究了不同厚度下波纹板折叠角度与所需驱动力的关系,进一步验证了非对称刚度波纹板在折叠翼尖应用中的可行性。图8[   WANG W B, YUAN G Q, WANG W B, et al. Review on the structure design of morphing winglets[J]. Aerospace, 2024, 11(12): 1004.
63
  ANDREWS W H. Summary of preliminary data derived from the XB-70 airplanes[M]. Washington: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1966.
65
  CASTRICHINI A, SIDDARAMAIAH V H, CALDERON D E, et al. Preliminary investigation of use of flexible folding wing tips for static and dynamic load alleviation[J]. The Aeronautical Journal, 2017, 121(1235): 73-94.
  WILSON T, KIRK J, HOBDAY J, et al. Small scale flying demonstration of semi aeroelastic hinged wing tips[C]// International Forum on Aeroelasticity and Structural Dynamics (IFASD 2019). Savannah: IFASD, 2019.
75-76
  BALATTI D, KHODAPARAST H H, FRISWELL M I, et al. Experimental and numerical investigation of an aircraft wing with hinged wingtip for gust load alleviation[J]. Journal of Fluids and Structures, 2023, 119: 103892.
80
  万里亮, 王晨, 刘全, 等. 基于折叠翼尖的阵风载荷减缓飞行试验: 第七届全国流固耦合与非常流体力学学术会议论文集[C]. 北京: 中国力学学会, 2012.WAN Liliang, WANG Chen, LIU Quan, et al. Flight test of gust load alleviation based on folding wingtip: Proceedings of the 7th national conference on fluid-structure interaction and unusual fluid mechanics[C]. Beijng: The Chinese Society of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 2012.
82
]
为部分上述技术所代表的飞行器和设计方案。表5为折叠机翼与折叠翼尖典型方案在可变形结构、蒙皮材料、驱动方式、变构时期、设计目标和后掠角变化范围的对比。

图8     折叠机翼与折叠翼尖设计方案
Fig.8     Design scheme of folding wings and folding wingtips
表5     折叠机翼与折叠翼尖典型方案对比表
Table 5     Comparison table of typical folding wings and folding wingtips design schemes
项目/名称(年份) 变形方案(结构类型) 蒙皮材料 驱动方式 变构时期 设计目标
XB-70(1964年) 铰链机构(机械机构) 硬质蒙皮 液压驱动 飞行过程变构 提高超速升力
下折角度25°~65°
Su-33(1987年) 连杆机构(机械机构) 硬质蒙皮 液压驱动 地面手动折叠 节省所占空间
洛马公司Z型折叠翼(2007年) 双铰链机构(机械机构) 柔性硅胶
形状记忆聚合物
双电机同步驱动 飞行过程变构 折叠角0°~135°
翼面积增加28%
Morphlet项目(2008年) 柔性翼梁(柔顺机构) 复合材料 伺服驱动 飞行过程变构 提升飞行效率5~6%
上反角30°
阵风减缓折叠翼尖(2018年) 铰链机构(机械机构) PLA材料 无主动作动器 飞行过程变构 降低翼根弯矩32%
折叠角-27°~40°
SAW项目(2018年) 铰链机构(机械机构) 未明确 记忆合金 飞行过程变构 折叠角-70°~70°
AlbatrossONE验证机(2019年) 半气弹铰链(机械机构) 复合材料 电动驱动 飞行过程变构 避免着陆翼尖失速
折叠角0°~90°
气囊驱动折叠翼尖(2024年) 压力驱动蜂窝结构(柔顺机构) 复合材料 气动驱动 飞行过程变构 折叠角-90°~25°

1.2.2     展向弯曲变形与变上反角机翼

2002年,NASA基于仿生学对不同鸟类翅膀变形形式在机翼上的应用开展了一系列研究,如图9所示[   MEYER P, HÜHNE C, BRAMSIEPE K, et al. Aeroelastic analysis of actuated adaptive wingtips based on pressure actuation[J]. Journal of Aircraft, 2023, 61(1): 307-316.
  WANG C, KHODAPARAST H H, FRISWELL M I. Conceptual study of a morphing winglet based on unsymmetrical stiffness[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2016, 58: 546-558.
84-85
  WANG C, HADDAD KHODAPARAST H, FRISWELL M I, et al. Development of a morphing wingtip based on compliant structures[J]. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2018, 29(16): 3293-3304.
87
  DAVIDSON J, CHWALOWSKI P, LAZOS B. Flight dynamic simulation assessment of a morphable hyper-elliptic cambered span winged configuration[C]//AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference and Exhibit. Reston: AIAA, 2003: 5301.
90
]
。其中超椭圆展向弯曲(Hyper-elliptic cambered span,HECS)机翼通过减小机翼诱导阻力实现了升阻比的改善[   SIOCHI E J, ANDERS J B Jr, COX D E, et al. Biomimetics for NASA langley research center: Year 2000 report of findings from a six-month survey[R]. Hampton: NASA Langley Research Center, 2002.
  DAVIDSON J, CHWALOWSKI P, LAZOS B. Flight dynamic simulation assessment of a morphable hyper-elliptic cambered span winged configuration[C]//AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference and Exhibit. Reston: AIAA, 2003: 5301.
89-90
]
,此概念一经提出便获得了广泛关注[   段富海, 初雨田, 关文卿, 等. 变形机翼的发展现状综述[J]. 机电工程技术, 2021, 50(1): 12-18.DUAN Fuhai, CHU Yutian, GUAN Wenqing, et al. A review of development status of morphing wing[J]. Mechanical & Electrical Engineering Technology, 2021, 50(1): 12-18.
91
]
。Manzo等[   MANZO J E. Analysis and design of a hyper-elliptical cambered span morphing aircraft wing[D]. Ithaca: Cornell University, 2006.
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基于形状记忆合金驱动器设计出分段式HECS机翼驱动机,验证了该驱动方式的高效性与精确性。Wiggins[   A design and analysis of a morphing hyper-elliptic cambered span (HECS) wing[C]//45th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics & Materials Conference. Reston: AIAA, 2004: 1885.
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基于机械连杆机构设计了HECS机翼驱动机构,在此基础上以轻量化为设计目标进行优化设计。

图9     展向弯曲变形机翼和变上反角机翼设计方案
Fig.9     Design scheme of extending bending deformation mechanisms and variable angle flaps

机翼上反角可在飞机受到滚转扰动时提供反向力矩,增大飞机的滚转稳定性,具有良好地控制性能与气动效益。沈华勋等[   沈华勋, 徐亮, 陆宇平, 等. 飞翼式柔性飞机纵向动力学建模与稳定性分析[J]. 动力学与控制学报, 2016, 14(3): 241-246.SHEN Huaxun, XU Liang, LU Yuping, et al. Longitudinal danamic modeling and stability analysis of very flexible flying wings[J]. Journal of Dynamics and Control, 2016, 14(3): 241-246.
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采用数值模拟方法,建立了飞翼布局不同上反角下的气动模型,分析了操纵面、发动机推力、迎角因素对上反角的影响。Abdulrahim等[   Flight testing and response characteristics of a variable gull-wing morphing aircraft[C]//AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference and Exhibit. ABDULRAHIM M, LIND R. Reston: AIAA, 2004: 5113.
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基于仿生学概念,根据海鸥飞行姿态设计并研制了机翼变上反角机构,通过飞行测试与数值仿真验证了可变上反角对飞机稳定性与操纵性的影响。

1.2.3     扭转变形机翼

现代飞行器主要通过设置机翼初始扭转角、安装角以及翼型分布等实现气动布局的升力优化。机翼在经过优化后可有效抑制翼梢先于翼根失速的气动现象,同时使展向升力分布趋近理论最优的椭圆形分布降低诱导阻力。但是采用单点优化的刚性气动外形难以应对复杂多变的飞行工况。采用扭转变形技术允许机翼连续改变其气动外形,以实现飞行包线内实时气动性能最优。

美国空军与NASA首次通过主动气动弹性机翼(Active aeroelastic wing,AAW)项目中,将全尺寸扭转变形柔性机翼集成至F/A-18战斗机,通过飞行试验验证了扭转变形机翼方案对滚转的控制[   LIZOTTE A M, ALLEN M J. Twist model development and results from the active aeroelastic wing F/A-18 aircraft[R]. NASA/CR-2007-214899. Hampton: NASA Langley Research Center, 2007.
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。Chen等[   CHEN P C, CHOPRA I. Induced strain actuation of composite beams and rotor blades with embedded piezoceramic elements[J]. Smart Materials and Structures 1996(1): 35-48.
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通过在直升机桨叶表面嵌入方向不同的压电驱动器[   CHEN P C, CHOPRA I. Induced strain actuation of composite beams and rotor blades with embedded piezoceramic elements[J]. Smart Materials and Structures 1996(1): 35-48.
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和形状记忆合金驱动器[   CHOPRA I. Review of state of art of smart structures and integrated systems[J]. AIAA Journal, 2002, 40(11): 2145-2187.
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来扭转旋翼叶片,可实现大约1°~2°的翼尖扭转。Ameduri等[   AMEDURI S, CONCILIO A. A shape memory alloy torsion actuator for static blade twist[J]. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2019, 30(17): 2605-2626.
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提出了形状记忆合金扭力管的扭转变形机翼方法,扭力管能够在应变恢复过程中产生扭矩,驱动直升机桨叶扭转。

除了采用驱动器对弹性翼梁施加扭矩实现变形的方案,基于复合材料弹性材料截面耦合特性的自适应扭转变形方案也可以实现可观的扭转变形。Chandra等[   CHANDRA R, STEMPLE A D, CHOPRA I. Thin-walled composite beams under bending, torsional, and extensional loads[J]. Journal of Aircraft, 1990, 27(7): 619-626.
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通过铺层设计制备了矩形截面梁,经试验验证可以通过不对称铺层实现弯曲-扭转耦合特性,通过反对称铺层实现拉伸-扭转耦合特性。Raither等[   RAITHER W, HEYMANNS M, BERGAMINI A, et al. Morphing wing structure with controllable twist based on adaptive bending-twist coupling[J]. Smart Materials and Structures, 2013, 22(6): 065017.
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通过调整剪切中心和扭转刚度分布,设计了一种扭转变形可控的机翼结构。通过该方案可以产生与传统副翼相同的滚转控制效果。经过精心设计的超材料翼梁也可以实现所需要的截面耦合特性。Gu等[   GU H Y, SHAW A D, AMOOZGAR M, et al. Twist morphing of a composite rotor blade using a novel metamaterial[J]. Composite Structures, 2020, 254: 112855.
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设计了一款弯曲-扭转耦合的新型复合材料超材料夹心旋翼翼梁。通过在旋转过程中实现定制化的被动扭转变形以提高气动效率。Zhu等[   ZHU X R, ZHANG J Y, CHEN W, et al. Tension-twist coupling morphing wing using a novel mechanical metamaterial[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2024, 155: 109745.
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提出了一种拉伸-扭转耦合超材料翼梁,实现机翼的扭转变形,并通过CFD验证了此变形方案可提高固定翼机翼气动效率,在替换传统控制的方面具有潜力。图10为以上提出的扭转变形机翼设计方案。表6为扭转变形机翼典型方案在可变形结构、蒙皮材料、驱动方式、设计目标和性能提升的对比。

图10     扭转变形机翼设计方案
Fig.10     Torsional deformation mechanism wing design schemes
表6     扭转变形机翼典型方案对比表
Table 6     Comparison table of typical torsional deformation mechanism wing design schemes
项目/名称(年份) 可变形结构(结构类型) 蒙皮材料 驱动方式 设计目标 性能提升
压电驱动机翼扭转(1993年) 弹性翼梁(柔顺机构) 复合材料 压电材料 实现旋翼扭转 旋翼翼尖1°~2°扭转
抑制振动
AAW柔性扭转机翼(1996年) 柔性机翼(柔顺机构) 未指出 气动弹性变形 提升滚转性能 滚转模态时间常数
降至0.1~0.6 s
记忆合金扭转机翼(2019年) 弹性翼梁(柔顺机构) 复合材料 记忆合金
扭力管
线性扭转变形
提高气动效率
旋翼翼尖10°扭转
气动效率提高46%
复合材料弹性耦合翼梁(2013年) 三闭室复材翼梁(柔顺机构) 复合材料 热驱动
半被动驱动
提升滚转性能
提高气弹特性
滚转力矩系数达0.025
静气动弹性稳定
弯扭耦合扭转机翼(2020年) 超材料翼梁(柔顺机构) 翼尖质量块
离心力
实现旋翼
定制扭转分布
满足所需
扭转角分布
拉扭耦合扭转机翼(2024年) 超材料翼梁(柔顺机构) PET薄膜 直线电机 增强气动特性 升力系数提高
升阻力提高

1.3     翼型变形

相较于较大尺度的平面和面外变形,涉及翼型的变形尺度并不大,使翼型变形方案受到持续关注[   VASISTA S, TONG L Y, WONG K C. Realization of morphing wings: A multidisciplinary challenge[J]. Journal of Aircraft, 2012, 49(1): 11-28.
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。翼型相对厚度对气动特性、失速特性都具有影响,而翼型弯度通过影响翼型的零升迎角而改变气动特性。通过改变沿机翼展向的翼型弯度或厚度分布来调整沿翼展的升力分布进而实现各种控制策略或降低诱导阻力。

1.3.1     变弯度机翼

变弯度机构的集成不需要大幅度调整主要承载的中央翼盒结构,不需要调整现有飞机机翼内油箱、悬挂物等布置,并且可在现有成熟控制面基础上进行替换和集成[   BARBARINO S, BILGEN O, AJAJ R M, et al. A review of morphing aircraft[J]. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2011, 22(9): 823-877.
1
  VASISTA S, TONG L Y, WONG K C. Realization of morphing wings: A multidisciplinary challenge[J]. Journal of Aircraft, 2012, 49(1): 11-28.
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。回顾过往研究发现,变弯度技术是目前研究最为广泛和成熟的变体形式。

目前机翼连续变弯度可以分为弦向连续变弯度和展向布局设计[   陈树生, 贾苜梁, 刘衍旭, 等. 变体飞行器变形方式及气动布局设计关键技术研究进展[J]. 航空学报, 2024, 45(6): 629595.CHEN Shusheng, JIA Muliang, LIU Yanxu, et al. Deformation modes and key technologies of aerodynamic layout design for morphing aircraft: Review[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2024, 45(6): 629595.
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,针对变形部位还可以分为连续变前缘和变后缘机翼[   王彬文, 杨宇, 钱战森, 等. 机翼变弯度技术研究进展[J]. 航空学报, 2022, 43(1): 024943.WANG Binwen, YANG Yu, QIAN Zhansen, et al. Technical development of variable camber wing: Review[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2022, 43(1): 024943.
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。连续变前缘机翼消除了前缘缝翼与主翼之间的空腔带来的气动噪声,延缓翼面上的流动分离并产生附加升力[   RIVERO A E, FOURNIER S, MANOLESOS M, et al. Experimental aerodynamic comparison of active camber morphing and trailing-edge flaps[J]. AIAA Journal, 2021, 59(7): 2627-2640.
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。连续变后缘机翼相较于传统襟翼相比,在大迎角范围内具有更高的气动效率,在起降阶段有效缩短起降距离,在巡航阶段可以提高气动效率,减小雷达反射面积,减缓阵风,可以有效降低结构质量[   王彬文, 杨宇, 钱战森, 等. 机翼变弯度技术研究进展[J]. 航空学报, 2022, 43(1): 024943.WANG Binwen, YANG Yu, QIAN Zhansen, et al. Technical development of variable camber wing: Review[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2022, 43(1): 024943.
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Parker首先采用弹性钢和木材设计了变弯度前缘,可在气动载荷作用下被动变形[   CONCILIO A, DIMINO I, PECORA R, et al. Morphing wing technologies, large commercial aircraft and civil helicopters[M]. Reston: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2017.
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。20世纪70年代,美国波音公司提出了光滑变弯度概念,并基于F-8战斗机开发了验证机验证技术方案[   李士途, 艾俊强, 任远春, 等. 变弯度机翼前后缘结构技术发展与应用前景[J]. 航空科学技术, 2022, 33(12): 31-40.LI Shitu, AI Junqiang, REN Yuanchun, et al. Development and application prospect of variable leading and trailing edge structure technology[J]. Aeronautical Science & Technology, 2022, 33(12): 31-40.
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。1979年,美国空军和NASA基于MAW项目开发的F-111的任务自适应机翼[   AFTI/F-111 Mission Adaptive Wing flight research program[C]//4th Flight Test Conference. Reston: AIAA, 1988: 2118.
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,采用液压驱动机构实现机翼连续变弯度,通过飞行试验实现了在设计巡航点和非设计点的阻力下降分别达到7%和20%,但由于MAW系统过于复杂笨重,无法满足工程化需求。

通过机械变体方案实现变弯度技术是目前成熟工程化应用的主要技术方案。1997年的智能机翼(Smart Wing)项目第二期[   KUDVA J N. Overview of the DARPA smart wing project[J]. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2004, 15(4): 261-267.
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提出了基于偏心梁机构的连续变弯度柔性翼,采用分布式驱动缩比机翼实现了不同的展向弯度分布,但该项目仅完成了模型演示阶段。2006年德国航空航天中心(DLR)通过德国航空研究计划开展了智能前缘(SmartLED)项目[   SINAPIUS M, MONNER H P, KINTSCHER M, et al. DLR’s morphing wing activities within the European network[J]. Procedia IUTAM, 2014, 10: 416-426.
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,通过设计蒙皮不同部位的弯曲刚度结合刚性连杆机构实现了机翼前缘变弯度,通过光滑气动外形避免传统控制面缝隙带来的噪声问题。该项目停留了有限元仿真和实验室地面验证阶段,未对变前缘结构开展风洞试验。2011—2015年,依托SARISTU项目,多个合作单位分别完成了不同形式的变体结构设计工作[   WÖLCKEN P C, PAPADOPOULOS M. Smart intelligent aircraft structures (SARISTU): Proceedings of the final project conference[M]. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016.
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,其中,DLR复合材料和自适应系统研究所基于前期SmartLED项目基础,提出了采用复合材料制备的增强型自适应前缘(Enhanced adaptive drop nose,EADN);CIRA提出了基于手指型机构和肋带(Belt Rib)结构的自适应后缘装置(Adaptive trailing edge device,ATED);空客公司提出的在机翼翼尖加装翼梢小翼主动后缘(Winglet active trailing edge,WATE)的设计方案,可以实现结构减重且降低起飞重量。项目过程中进行了多次风洞试验,围绕防除冰、雷击保护、鸟击保护等工程实用性问题进行了研究,充分验证了多个变构系统的可行性。

2021年以来,中国飞机强度研究所对基于拓扑优化和变厚度复合材料蒙皮的变前缘技术[   YANG Y, WANG Z G, LYU S S. Comparative study of two lay-up sequence dispositions for flexible skin design of morphing leading edge[J]. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, 2021, 34(7): 271-278.
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和基于手指型和偏心梁方案[   强度与结构完整性全国重点实验室. 强度与结构完整性全国重点实验室代表性科学研究动态[EB/OL]. (2024-03-17) [2025-07-13]. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/7RBWbFOLUWosx7GrSkYF8A.National Key Laboratory of Strength and Structural Integrity. Representative scientific research activities of the National Key Laboratory of Strength and Structural Integrity[EB/OL]. (2024-03-17) [2025-07-13]. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/7RBWbFOLUWosx7GrSkYF8A.
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  CHANDRA R, STEMPLE A D, CHOPRA I. Thin-walled composite beams under bending, torsional, and extensional loads[J]. Journal of Aircraft, 1990, 27(7): 619-626.
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的变后缘技术开展研究。研究团队对上述系统搭建了全尺寸技术样件,使用非接触测试系统测试了结构的变形,发现经过优化设计的变前缘和变后缘结构方案分别可以达到最大变形误差小于0.8 mm和2 mm。中国航空研究院[   SUN X S, XUE J F, ZHOU J, et al. Design and validation of a variable camber wing structure[J]. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, 2024, 37(2): 1-11.
  孙侠生. 民机变弯度机翼前后缘结构设计与验证技术[M]. 北京: 航空工业出版社, 2024.SUN Xiasheng. Structural design and verification technology of leading and trailing edges of variable camber wing of civil aircraft[M]. Beijing: Aviation Industry Press, 2024.
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开展了变弯度机翼结构的多方案原理性研究和技术攻关,前缘采用基于连杆机构和柔性结构2种设计方案;后缘采用多节转动结构、偏心梁驱动结构和刚柔耦合结构3种设计方案,并在结构中继承了随结构变形的光纤梁式传感器。该团队对全尺寸前缘风洞试验件开展风洞试验验证,发现在气动载荷作用下变形误差不超过2.5%,对全尺寸后缘试验段开展地面功能验证,可以实现巡航状态和起飞着陆状态下的多个弯度构型的变形误差不超过5.0%。图11为上述代表方案(机械式机翼变弯度设计方案)。

图11     机械式机翼变弯度设计方案
Fig.11     Camber morphing wing design schemes by mechanical mechanism

相较于传统机械刚体转动实现的变形,通过驱动柔性结构产生应变进一步产生光滑连续的柔顺变形的方案也被不断提出。1988年,NASA开展的主动柔性机翼(FW)项目标志着自适应机翼研究的早期系统性尝试,首次将柔性结构与主动控制相结合,探索通过气动弹性变形提升飞行性能的潜力[   FLANAGAN J S, STRUTZENBERG R C, MYERS R B, et al. MCGOWAN A R, WASHBURN A E, HORTA L G, et al. Recent results from NASA’s morphing project[J]. Smart Structures and Materials 2002: Industrial and Commercial Applications of Smart Structures Technologies, 2002: 97-111.
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。1995年,在DARPA的智能机翼(Smart Wing)项目第一期尝试采用嵌入蒙皮的形状记忆合金丝作为驱动器,以实现后缘连续变形,但因SMA丝输出力有限而失败[   KUDVA J N. Overview of the DARPA smart wing project[J]. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2004, 15(4): 261-267.
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。同年,德国宇航局(DLR)的ADIF项目则侧重于结构集成与材料—驱动器一体化设计,在分布式传感与作动技术方面取得了初步进展[   SINAPIUS M, MONNER H P, KINTSCHER M, et al. DLR’s morphing wing activities within the European network[J]. Procedia IUTAM, 2014, 10: 416-426.
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。随着驱动技术与多学科设计优化方法的进步,自适应机翼研究逐渐从概念验证走向工程验证阶段。1996年,由AFW拓展而来的主动气动弹性机翼(AAW)项目成功实现了利用结构柔性降低颤振风险并提升操纵效率,标志着气动弹性控制从“抑制”转向“利用”的重要转变[   CONCILIO A, DIMINO I, PECORA R, et al. Morphing wing technologies, large commercial aircraft and civil helicopters[M]. Reston: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2017.
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。2011年,欧盟NOVEMOR(Novel air vehicle configurations:From fluttering wings to morphing flight)项目[   CONCILIO A, DIMINO I, PECORA R, et al. Morphing wing technologies, large commercial aircraft and civil helicopters[M]. Reston: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2017.
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研究了一类无缝、无铰接结构的变弯度机翼以减少未来喷气支线客机的噪声和阻力,该项目在飞行器设计早期就引入变体装置,并非对现有飞行器控制面的替换。2012年,欧盟CHANGE(Combined morphing assessment software using flight envelope data and mission based morphing prototype wing development)项目为无人机设计了可变前缘和后缘,在具备变展长功能的基础上可以根据不同飞行工况调整机翼构型,并实现了飞行包线内机翼驱动变形的精确测量[   CONCILIO A, DIMINO I, PECORA R, et al. Morphing wing technologies, large commercial aircraft and civil helicopters[M]. Reston: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2017.
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。至2010年后,大型飞行验证项目显著增加,也反映出技术成熟度的提升。2014年,NASA的ACTE项目完成了全尺寸柔性后缘马赫数0.3~0.75的飞行试验,采用新型复合材料与结构拓扑设计,实现了无铰链连续变形,在跨声速条件下仍保持良好的气动性能与可靠性[   Aerodynamic flight test results for the adaptive compliant trailing edge[C]//AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference. Reston, Virginia: AIAA, 2016: 3855.
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。2015年,AFRL基于柔性机构与先进制造技术,成功研制并在风洞试验中验证了一种可变弯度柔性机翼(VCCW),实现了无缝连续蒙皮的整体变形,单作动器即可同步调控机翼弯度,最终设计一款小尺寸航模验证机并试飞验证了方案的可行性[   JOO J J, MARKS C R, ZIENTARSKI L. Active wing shape reconfiguration using a variable camber compliant wing system[C]. Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Composite Materials. Copenhagen: ICCM, 2015.
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。2017—2020年,在欧盟“地平线2020”(Horizon 2020)计划资助下,10多家大学、研究机构和企业联合开展了智能变形与传感技术(Smart morphing and sensing,SMS)项目,使用压电作动器、形状记忆合金驱动连续变弯度后缘,能够光滑改变弯度和抑制湍流。相关技术已经在空客A320飞行测试平台上得以展示验证[   MAROUF A, SIMIRIOTIS N, TÔ J B, et al. Smart morphing and sensing for the wings of the future[M]// Advances in computational methods and technologies in aeronautics and industry. Cham: Springer, 2022: 17-36.
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。上述方案最著名的是ACTE项目中,于“湾流Ⅲ”飞机后缘加装的柔性ACTE襟翼,已达到较高的技术成熟度。图12(a)~(c)为上述代表方案。

图12     柔顺式机翼变弯度设计方案
Fig.12     Camber morphing wing design schemes by compliant mechanism

斯旺西大学提出了一款性能优越、结构简单的鱼骨型变弯度机翼,只需要很小的驱动能量就可实现机翼弯度的大幅度连续变化。研究团队针对结构[   WOODS B K S, DAYYANI I, FRISWELL M I. Fluid/structure-interaction analysis of the fish-bone-active-camber morphing concept[J]. Journal of Aircraft, 2014, 52(1): 307-319.
  RIVERO A E, WEAVER P M, COOPER J E, et al. Structural modeling of compliance-based camber morphing structures under transverse shear loading[J]. AIAA Journal, 2020, 58(11): 4941-4951.
116-117
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、气动[   RIVERO A E, FOURNIER S, MANOLESOS M, et al. Experimental aerodynamic comparison of active camber morphing and trailing-edge flaps[J]. AIAA Journal, 2021, 59(7): 2627-2640.
22
  RIVERO A E, WEAVER P M, COOPER J E, et al. Structural modeling of compliance-based camber morphing structures under transverse shear loading[J]. AIAA Journal, 2020, 58(11): 4941-4951.
  RIVERO A E, FOURNIER S, HEEB R M, et al. Design, manufacture and wind tunnel test of a modular FishBAC wing with novel 3D printed skins[J]. Applied Sciences, 2022, 12(2): 1-18.
117-118
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、振动特性[   黄可, 张家应, 王青云. 基于非均匀梁模型的二维柔性机翼固有振动分析[J]. 力学学报, 2023, 55(2): 487-496.HUANG Ke, ZHANG Jiaying, WANG Qingyun. Natural vibration analysis of two-dimensional flexible wing based on non-uniform beam model[J]. Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 2023, 55(2): 487-496.
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、气动弹性特性[   黄可, 张家应, 王晨. 鱼骨柔性翼等效结构建模及其气动弹性特性分析[J]. 南京航空航天大学学报, 2024, 56(3): 516-525.HUANG Ke, ZHANG Jiaying, WANG Chen. Equivalent structure model of fish bone active camber morphing concept and analysis of aeroelastic characteristics[J]. Journal of Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, 2024, 56(3): 516-525.
  ZHANG J Y, SHAW A D, WANG C, et al. Aeroelastic model and analysis of an active camber morphing wing[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2021, 111: 106534.
  黄可, 张家应. 变后缘柔性翼板梁耦合动力学建模与气动弹性分析[J]. 力学学报, 2025, 57(10): 2466-2478.HUANG Ke, ZHANG Jiaying. Plate-beam coupling dynamic modeling and aeroelastic analysis of morphing trailing edge flexible wings[J]. Chinese Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 2025, 57(10): 2466-2478.
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、复合材料设计[   RIVERO A E, WEAVER P M, COOPER J E, et al. Parametric structural modelling of fish bone active camber morphing aerofoils[J]. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2018, 29(9): 2008-2026.
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与先进增材制造[   RIVERO A E, FOURNIER S, HEEB R M, et al. Design, manufacture and wind tunnel test of a modular FishBAC wing with novel 3D printed skins[J]. Applied Sciences, 2022, 12(2): 1-18.
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  HEEB R M, DICKER M, WOODS B K S. Manufacturing and characterisation of 3D printed thermoplastic morphing skins[J]. Smart Materials and Structures, 2022, 31(8): 085007.
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等方面开展广泛研究。荷兰代尔夫特大学提出了Smart-X Alpha变弯度柔性翼[   MKHOYAN T, THAKRAR N R, DE BREUKER R, et al. Morphing wing design using integrated and distributed trailing edge morphing[J]. Smart Materials and Structures, 2022, 31(12): 125025.
  DE BREUKER R, MKHOYAN T, NAZEER N, et al. Overview of the SmartX wing technology integrator[J]. Actuators, 2022, 11(10): 302.
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,该设计方案由6个展向分布的变后缘模块组成,6个模块之间采用弹性蒙皮光滑连接,研究团队针对其气动特性、流固耦合特性、形状感知及控制等方面展开工作。普渡大学和苏黎世联邦理工大学的研究团队基于MFC驱动器开发了分布式驱动智能变形机翼[   HENRY A C, MOLINARI G, RIVAS-PADILLA J R, et al. Smart morphing wing: Optimization of distributed piezoelectric actuation[J]. AIAA Journal, 2019, 57(6): 2384-2393.
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,针对气动、结构和气弹等方面开展多学科优化设计,在保证足够柔顺轻质的情况下,具有尽可能高的滚转力矩和颤振速度。上述团队研究成果如图12(d)~(f)中所示。表7为变弯度机翼典型方案在可变形结构、蒙皮材料、驱动方式和设计目标的对比。

表7     变弯度机翼典型方案对比表
Table 7     Comparison table of typical camber morphing wing design schemes
项目/名称(年份) 可变形结构(结构类型) 蒙皮材料 驱动方式 设计目标
ADIF项目(1995年) 肋带/手指型方案(机械机构) 复合材料 直线电机 气动性能优化
环保与噪声控制
智能机翼第1期(1995年) 基板方案(柔顺机构) 硅胶蜂窝 记忆合金 项目失败
智能机翼第2期(1997年) 偏心梁方案(机械机构) 硅胶蜂窝 超声电机 偏转角25°
偏转速率80°/s
SARISTU项目(2011年) 连杆机构(前缘)/手指型方案(后缘)(机械机构) 弹性层
弹性泡沫
驱动电机 后缘偏转角±5°
鱼骨柔性翼(2012年) 基板方案(柔顺机构) 柔性硅胶 伺服电机/
人工肌肉
保持光顺外形
提高气动效率
VCCW项目(2015年) 分布式柔性结构(柔顺机构) 复合材料 线性驱动 弯度变化6%
柔性ACTE襟翼(2017年) 拓扑优化柔性结构(柔顺机构) 航空级材料 伺服电机 偏转角±10°
偏转速率30°/s
MFC驱动柔性翼(2019年) 柔性蒙皮方案(柔顺机构) 复合材料 MFC驱动 结构轻量化
满足控制需求
SMS 项目(2020年) 柔性结构(柔顺机构) 记忆合金
压电驱动
降低气动噪声
提高气动效率
强度所变前缘机翼(2020年) 柔性蒙皮方案(柔顺机构) 复合材料 伺服电机 最大化偏转角
强度所变后缘机翼(2022年) 偏心梁/手指型方案(机械机构) 硅胶蜂窝 驱动电机 偏转角15°
Smart-X Alpha柔性翼(2022年) 滑动蒙皮方案(柔顺机构) 硅胶
复合材料
伺服电机
压电材料
偏转角±25°

1.3.2     变厚度机翼

通过改变翼型厚度可以改变层流转捩位置,进一步减小飞行中的阻力。此外,改变机翼厚度可以满足飞行器从亚声速到超声速对翼型的不同要求[   冷劲松, 孙健, 刘彦菊. 智能材料和结构在变体飞行器上的应用现状与前景展望[J]. 航空学报, 2014, 35(1): 29-45.LENG Jinsong, SUN Jian, LIU Yanju. Application status and future prospect of smart materials and structures in morphing aircraft[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2014, 35(1): 29-45.
128
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。Brailovski等[   BRAILOVSKI V, TERRIAULT P, GEORGES T, et al. SMA actuators for morphing wings[J]. Physics Procedia, 2010, 10: 197-203.
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]
提出的翼型变厚度方案利用形状记忆合金驱动,并通过风洞试验证明了变厚度在降低飞行阻力上的显著优势。Wang等[   WANG C Y, WANG Z G, WANG H T, et al. Customized deformation behavior of morphing wing through reversibly assembled multi-stable metamaterials[J]. Smart Materials and Structures, 2024, 33(4): 045015.
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采用多稳态超材料实现了翼型离散变厚度,通过试验验证了厚度变形的可行性。由于变厚度机翼所获得的气动增益并不明显[   ANDERSON J D. Fundamentals of Aerodynamics[M]. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011.
28
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,相对其他变形方案本方案相对研究较少[   BARBARINO S, BILGEN O, AJAJ R M, et al. A review of morphing aircraft[J]. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2011, 22(9): 823-877.
1
]

2     变体飞行器结构关键技术及发展趋势

为了成功实现变体飞行器技术,需要克服许多关键技术。Jha 等[   JHA A K, KUDVA J N. Morphing aircraft concepts, classifications, and challenges[J]. Smart Structures and Materials 2004: Industrial and Commercial Applications of Smart Structures Technologies, 2004: 213.
27
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总结了8个关键技术:(1)确定最佳几何外形;(2)考虑材料疲劳和滞后特性,设计柔性蒙皮与结构的连接;(3)设计大功率和高能量密度的作动器;(4)设计保持气动外形的柔性蒙皮;(5)在变体飞行器包含传统控制面;(6)减少变形区域的人工干预;(7)配合变体机翼重新设计发动机;(8)多系统集成与装配。其中关键问题之一就是需要针对承受较大载荷的同时改变形状,这给变形子结构、蒙皮和驱动器的设计带来了很多挑战[   VASISTA S, TONG L Y, WONG K C. Realization of morphing wings: A multidisciplinary challenge[J]. Journal of Aircraft, 2012, 49(1): 11-28.
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。针对上述问题,后续部分列举了近期变体飞行器新型结构设计技术发展中的新趋势。

2.1     智能材料及驱动器

智能材料是一种能够判断、处理、感知外部激励并做出反应、改变自身结构与功能的新型功能材料[   杨正岩, 张佳奇, 高东岳, 等. 航空航天智能材料与智能结构研究进展[J]. 航空制造技术, 2017, 60(17): 36-48.YANG Zhengyan, ZHANG Jiaqi, GAO Dongyue, et al. Advance of aerospace smart material and structure[J]. Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology, 2017, 60(17): 36-48.
11
]
。一般可分为感知材料和驱动材料,其中感知材料可以监测和识别外部或内部激励强度,如应力、应变、电、光、热等,因此智能材料可以作为传感器的感知材料;驱动材料可以通过施加或感知外部环境和内部状态变化做出响应,例如,形状记忆材料、压电材料、磁致伸缩材料等。不同智能材料的特点分析如表8所示。

表8     智能材料的特点分析
Table 8     Characteristic analysis of smart materials
智能材料 输出力 变形能力 响应速度 材料刚度 能量密度
形状记忆合金
形状记忆聚合物
磁致伸缩
电致伸缩
压电聚合物
压电陶瓷

智能材料的出现极大推进了变体飞行器的发展,其中主要是形状记忆合金和压电材料[   VASISTA S, TONG L Y, WONG K C. Realization of morphing wings: A multidisciplinary challenge[J]. Journal of Aircraft, 2012, 49(1): 11-28.
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。在上一章的各类变体机翼的方案对比表中,智能材料驱动器逐步取代传统驱动方式。形状记忆合金驱动器具有线材和扭力管两种形式,形状记忆聚合物在柔性蒙皮中得以应用,压电材料更常用于小幅高频驱动,比如直升机和机翼的局部流动控制[   BARBARINO S, BILGEN O, AJAJ R M, et al. A review of morphing aircraft[J]. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2011, 22(9): 823-877.
1
]

2.1.1     形状记忆材料

形状记忆材料(Shape memory materials)指具有初始形状的材料经过形变后,通过热、电、光等外部刺激实现回复初始形状的材料。此类材料可分为形状记忆合金(Shape memory alloys,SMA)和形状记忆聚合物(Shape memory polymer,SMP)。

在智能机翼第一期项目中就采用了SMA驱动,证明了智能材料能够减轻飞机质量和节约内部空间[   SUN J, GUAN Q H, LIU Y J, et al. Morphing aircraft based on smart materials and structures: A state-of-the-art review[J]. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2016, 27(17): 2289-2312.
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。研究早期,设计师利用SMA的单程记忆效应和上下分布SMA的弯曲单元实现机翼弯曲,如图13(a)所示[   AFTI/F-111 Mission Adaptive Wing flight research program[C]//4th Flight Test Conference. Reston: AIAA, 1988: 2118.
53
]
。1995年,在智能机翼项目的第一阶段[   KUDVA J N. Overview of the DARPA smart wing project[J]. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2004, 15(4): 261-267.
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中采用SMA扭矩管在缩比F/A-18模型上验证了驱动变弯度机翼的可行性,但是响应速度一般低于0.2 Hz。在智能机翼项目的第二期项目采用了超声电机[   赵淳生. 面向21世纪的超声电机技术[J]. 中国工程科学, 2002, 4(2): 86-91.ZHAO Chunsheng. Ultrasonic motor techniques for 21st century[J]. Engineering Science, 2002, 4(2): 86-91.
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驱动偏心梁机构,柔性后缘由10个独立单元组成。该项目使用超声电机实现了80°/s的变形速率和20°的偏转角度。2004年,美国波音公司利用SMA驱动器改变旋翼整体扭转变形[   BUSHNELL G S, ARBOGAST D J, RUGGERI R T. Shape control of a morphing structure (rotor blade) using a shape memory alloy actuator system[C]// Proceedings of SPIE Smart Structures and Materials Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring. Bellingham: SPIE, 2008.
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和襟翼变形[   STRAUB F K, KENNEDY D K, DOMZALSKI D B, et al. Smart material-actuated rotor technology-SMART[J]. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2004, 15(4): 249-260.
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,针对SMA驱动器的运动滞后和热滞后开发了非线性控制系统。2017年,NASA与波音开展的展向自适应机翼(Spanwise adaptive wing,SAW)项目利用SMA驱动器替换液压驱动器,驱动器质量降低80%[   MOHOLT M, BENAFAN O. Spanwise adaptive wing[R]. NASA/TM-2017-219590. Cleveland: NASA Glenn Research Center, 2017.
135
]
。同时期欧盟开展的SMS项目也采用了形状记忆合金和压电作动器实现了机翼变后缘驱动[   MAROUF A, SIMIRIOTIS N, TÔ J B, et al. Smart morphing and sensing for the wings of the future[M]// Advances in computational methods and technologies in aeronautics and industry. Cham: Springer, 2022: 17-36.
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图13     基于SMA驱动的变体飞行器方案
Fig.13     Morphing aircrafts based on SMA actuators

形状记忆合金可在变弯度和变翼尖机翼的结构设计中广泛应用。2003年,Manzo等[   MANZO J, GARCIA E, WICKENHEISER A, et al. Design of a shape-memory alloy actuated macro-scale morphing aircraft mechanism[C]. Smart Structures and Materials 2005. San Diego: Smart Structures and Integrated Systems, 2005.
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设计了基于SMA驱动实现HECS翼型从平直向卷曲状态的连续展向弯曲。针对SMA作动带来的面内压缩载荷,在风洞中验证了其气动功能与机构可行性。2011年,Barbarino等[   BARBARINO S, PECORA R, LECCE L, et al. Airfoil structural morphing based on S.M.A. actuator series: Numerical and experimental studies[J]. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2011, 22(10): 987-1004.
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设计并试验研究了一种用于机翼后缘结构变形的无铰链可变弯度襟翼。研究通过有限元模拟与试验验证相结合,展示了该结构在无外载和静态气动载荷下的变形能力,但在疲劳载荷作用下性能有所衰减。裘进浩等[   裘进浩, 季宏丽, 徐志伟, 等. 智能材料与结构及其在智能飞行器中的应用[J]. 南京航空航天大学学报, 2022, 54(5): 867-888.QIU Jinhao, JI Hongli, XU Zhiwei, et al. Smart materials and structures and their applications on smart aircraft[J]. Journal of Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, 2022, 54(5): 867-888.
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采用SMA驱动器实现了翼尖小翼的自适应结构变体,通过风洞试验结合飞行试验研究,验证了飞行器机翼自适应变体结构以及多点分布式驱动控制方法的可行性。2024年,Yang等[   YANG J N, ZHANG Y H, GU X J, et al. Bi-direction and flexible multi-mode morphing wing based on antagonistic SMA wire actuators[J]. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, 2024, 37(12): 373-387.
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开发了一种采用SMA丝驱动的双向多模态变弯度机翼。研究通过CFD气动分析表明,该设计显著提高了升阻比,基于航模验证机的飞行试验验证了其有效性和可靠性。上述研究发现形状记忆合金由于依赖温度变形,需保持稳定的温度以实现温度驱动,同时较缓慢的冷却时间使得SMA的响应速度不可忽略[   BARBARINO S, SAAVEDRA FLORES E I, AJAJ R M, et al. A review on shape memory alloys with applications to morphing aircraft[J]. Smart Materials and Structures, 2014, 23(6): 063001.
9
]
。面向工程应用不可避免地需要解决记忆合金的疲劳问题,目前已有研究表明,通过合理役前塑性训练与载荷-变形参数调控,可以实现记忆合金功能寿命跨量级提升[   YANG J N, ZHANG Y H, GU X J, et al. Bi-direction and flexible multi-mode morphing wing based on antagonistic SMA wire actuators[J]. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, 2024, 37(12): 373-387.
139
]
。上述研究方案如图13所示[   AFTI/F-111 Mission Adaptive Wing flight research program[C]//4th Flight Test Conference. Reston: AIAA, 1988: 2118.
53
  BUSHNELL G S, ARBOGAST D J, RUGGERI R T. Shape control of a morphing structure (rotor blade) using a shape memory alloy actuator system[C]// Proceedings of SPIE Smart Structures and Materials Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring. Bellingham: SPIE, 2008.
  STRAUB F K, KENNEDY D K, DOMZALSKI D B, et al. Smart material-actuated rotor technology-SMART[J]. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2004, 15(4): 249-260.
  MOHOLT M, BENAFAN O. Spanwise adaptive wing[R]. NASA/TM-2017-219590. Cleveland: NASA Glenn Research Center, 2017.
  MANZO J, GARCIA E, WICKENHEISER A, et al. Design of a shape-memory alloy actuated macro-scale morphing aircraft mechanism[C]. Smart Structures and Materials 2005. San Diego: Smart Structures and Integrated Systems, 2005.
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  裘进浩, 季宏丽, 徐志伟, 等. 智能材料与结构及其在智能飞行器中的应用[J]. 南京航空航天大学学报, 2022, 54(5): 867-888.QIU Jinhao, JI Hongli, XU Zhiwei, et al. Smart materials and structures and their applications on smart aircraft[J]. Journal of Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, 2022, 54(5): 867-888.
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形状记忆聚合物主要应用于智能蒙皮[   ZHANG Y H, CHAI X L, JU X F, et al. The upper bound of low cycle fatigue life of pseudoelastic polycrystalline NiTi shape memory alloys[J]. Smart Materials and Structures, 2022, 31(10): 105007.
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,其具有两种不同的形态。在初始形态下具有较高的模量,当受到外界刺激后会转变为具有较低弹性模量的形态,可以容许较大变形量。通过切换不同形态可以实现模量调节和大幅变形。在洛克希德-马丁公司提出的“折叠机翼”中,通过内埋的镍铬合金丝加热SMP变形蒙皮驱动其变形,并完成了折叠试验[   LOVE M, ZINK P, STROUD R, et al. Demonstration of morphing technology through ground and wind tunnel tests[C]//48th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. 23 April 2007-26 April 2007, Honolulu, Hawaii. Reston, Virginia: AIAA, 2007: 1729.
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。哈尔滨工业大学研究团队[   尹维龙, 石庆华. 变体飞行器蒙皮材料与结构研究综述[J]. 航空制造技术, 2017, 60(17): 24-29.YIN Weilong, SHI Qinghua. Review of material and structure for morphing aircraft skin[J]. Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology, 2017, 60(17): 24-29.
  SUN J, GONG X, LIU Y, et al. Variable camber wing based on shape memory polymer skin[C]//54th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. Boston: AIAA, 2013: 1919.
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对SMP在柔性蒙皮和变后缘驱动变形的应用开展了大量研究。

2.1.2     压电材料

压电材料(Piezoelectric materials)具有正/逆压电效应,可以实现电能和机械能的双向转化[   杨正岩, 张佳奇, 高东岳, 等. 航空航天智能材料与智能结构研究进展[J]. 航空制造技术, 2017, 60(17): 36-48.YANG Zhengyan, ZHANG Jiaqi, GAO Dongyue, et al. Advance of aerospace smart material and structure[J]. Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology, 2017, 60(17): 36-48.
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。压电材料具有能量效率高、响应速度快和驱动承载一体化的优点,但是一般的压电材料驱动应变较小、材料韧性较差。压电复合材料是20世纪70年代发展起来的一种多用途复合材料,其具有较大的机电耦合系数并且能够改善压电陶瓷脆性较大的缺点。AFRL在VCCW机翼设计中采用压电堆叠陶瓷和位移放大机构,成功将其应用于变后缘机翼弯度的主动控制中[   MAROUF A, SIMIRIOTIS N, TÔ J B, et al. Smart morphing and sensing for the wings of the future[M]// Advances in computational methods and technologies in aeronautics and industry. Cham: Springer, 2022: 17-36.
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。低于400 Hz的频率和2 mm的输出位移作动,显著提高了飞行器在跨声速范围的操纵性能。欧洲直升机公司[   AUBOURG P A, CRANGA D, et al. Recent advances in Eurocopter's passive and active vibration control[C]// 64th Annual Forum of the American Helicopter Society. Montréal: AHS International, 2008.
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和波音公司[   STRAUB F K, KENNEDY D K, DOMZALSKI D B, et al. Smart material-actuated rotor technology-SMART[J]. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2004, 15(4): 249-260.
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采用压电堆叠陶瓷驱动襟翼变形。波音公司的方案经过试验塔试验和风洞实验,证明方案可以实现80%的减振和10 dB的降噪。

压电纤维复合材料是压电复合材料的研究重点,在变体飞行器驱动中广泛使用的宏纤维复合材料(Macro fiber composite,MFC)就是其中一种。MFC由美国兰利(Langley)研究中心发明,其性能在传统压电陶瓷基础上提升两倍[   杨正岩, 张佳奇, 高东岳, 等. 航空航天智能材料与智能结构研究进展[J]. 航空制造技术, 2017, 60(17): 36-48.YANG Zhengyan, ZHANG Jiaqi, GAO Dongyue, et al. Advance of aerospace smart material and structure[J]. Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology, 2017, 60(17): 36-48.
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。德国宇航中心使用MFC驱动旋翼整体扭转并减少了振动[   孙侠生. 民机变弯度机翼前后缘结构设计与验证技术[M]. 北京: 航空工业出版社, 2024.SUN Xiasheng. Structural design and verification technology of leading and trailing edges of variable camber wing of civil aircraft[M]. Beijing: Aviation Industry Press, 2024.
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。Vos等[   VOS R, DE BREUKER R, BARRETT R, et al. Morphing wing flight control via postbuckled precompressed piezoelectric actuators[J]. Journal of Aircraft, 2007, 44(4): 1060-1068.
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等采用压缩屈曲梁机构实现对MFC驱动的放大,并实现飞行器的姿态控制。Henry等[   HENRY A C, MOLINARI G, RIVAS-PADILLA J R, et al. Smart morphing wing: Optimization of distributed piezoelectric actuation[J]. AIAA Journal, 2019, 57(6): 2384-2393.
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基于多学科优化,采用MFC和复合材料蒙皮,获得系统分布式驱动的结构参数,并对机翼的控制性能进行评估。Shah[   SHAH B, KATIBEH M, BILGEN O. Aerodynamic modeling and design optimization of a variable-camber piezocomposite rotor[J]. AIAA Journal, 2024, 62(9): 3391-3402.
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采用MFC驱动旋翼的弯度变化,实现旋翼气动力的控制。Hu等[   HU K M, RUAN D H, LI H, et al. Design, analysis, and test of morphing wing driven by multi-layer parallel MFC bimorphs with adjustable axial pressure[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2025, 159: 109998.
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提出了一种3层平行MFC驱动器结构,在峰值电压下偏转角可以达到12°,与单层结构驱动器相比,多层结构可提供更高驱动力和弯曲刚度。

使用智能材料驱动双稳态系统在稳态之间准静态或动态地主动变形这一策略吸引了许多学者关注,在变体飞行器的变构应用中具有较大潜力。一般双稳态结构[   CHI Y D, LI Y B, ZHAO Y, et al. Bistable and multistable actuators for soft robots: Structures, materials, and functionalities[J]. Advanced Materials, 2022, 34(19): 2110384.
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包括梁/桁架结构、采用预应力或残余应力的多层板结构、球壳、折纸机构等。目前双稳态复合材料层合板与MFC驱动的方案研究最多。Daynes等[   DAYNES S, NALL S J, WEAVER P M, et al. Bistable composite flap for an airfoil[J]. Journal of Aircraft, 2010, 47(1): 334-338.
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采用2排共20个双稳态层合板设计了变弯度后缘,并在风洞试验中验证了变形方案的可行性。Liu等[   LIU Y T, ZHANG J Y, PAN D K, et al. Resonant actuation based on dynamic characteristics of bistable laminates[J]. Machines, 2023, 11(3): 318.
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研究了双稳态层合板的非线性动力学问题。Arrieta等[   ARRIETA A F, VAN GEMMEREN V, ANDERSON A J, et al. Dynamics and control of twisting Bi-stable structures[J]. Smart Materials and Structures, 2018, 27(2): 025006.
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使用MFC驱动实现双稳态层合板和双稳态扭转翼梁两个稳态之间的主动跳变。Bilgen等[   BILGEN O, ARRIETA A F, FRISWELL M I, et al. Dynamic control of a bistable wing under aerodynamic loading[J]. Smart Materials and Structures, 2013, 22(2): 025020.
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将此结构设计为双稳态机翼,利用MFC和共振控制技术,在考虑气动载荷作用下,实现了所需构型的单稳态构型。上述研究方案如图14所示。

图14     基于压电驱动的变体飞行器方案
Fig.14     Morphing aircrafts based on piezoelectric actuators

2.1.3     磁致伸缩材料

磁致伸缩材料利用磁致伸缩效应,可以在磁场作用下实现变形,反之变形作用在该类智能材料时也会产生磁场[   杨正岩, 张佳奇, 高东岳, 等. 航空航天智能材料与智能结构研究进展[J]. 航空制造技术, 2017, 60(17): 36-48.YANG Zhengyan, ZHANG Jiaqi, GAO Dongyue, et al. Advance of aerospace smart material and structure[J]. Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology, 2017, 60(17): 36-48.
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  冷劲松, 孙健, 刘彦菊. 智能材料和结构在变体飞行器上的应用现状与前景展望[J]. 航空学报, 2014, 35(1): 29-45.LENG Jinsong, SUN Jian, LIU Yanju. Application status and future prospect of smart materials and structures in morphing aircraft[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2014, 35(1): 29-45.
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,目前可分为软磁材料、硬磁材料、矩磁材料、旋磁材料和压磁材料5大类[   杨正岩, 张佳奇, 高东岳, 等. 航空航天智能材料与智能结构研究进展[J]. 航空制造技术, 2017, 60(17): 36-48.YANG Zhengyan, ZHANG Jiaqi, GAO Dongyue, et al. Advance of aerospace smart material and structure[J]. Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology, 2017, 60(17): 36-48.
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。磁致伸缩材料具有机电转换效率高、响应速度快、可靠性高的优点。基于磁致伸缩材料作为液压泵的高频驱动单元可以对变体机翼进行驱动,在驱动频率200 Hz的情况可以达到180 W的峰值功率,采用无人机平台实现了机翼30 s内,展长近200%的变化[   SNEED R, SMITH R, CASH M, et al. Smart-material based hydraulic pump system for actuation of a morphing wing[C]//48th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. Honolulu: AIAA, 2007: 1702.
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2.2     变形结构

2.2.1     力学超材料变形骨架

力学超材料可以通过适当的内部微结构设计而不是化学组分来获得一些特殊变形机制,为柔顺变形结构的设计提供了新的思路。经过特定设计的力学超材料(Mechanical metamaterial)可实现特殊力学性能(如轻量化、高比强度、高比刚度等),特殊材料等效力学参数(如负零泊松比、负零刚度等)及一些特殊的变形机制(如拉扭耦合、弯扭耦合等),并展现出广阔的工程应用前景[   GAO J, CAO X F, XIAO M, et al. Rational designs of mechanical metamaterials: Formulations, architectures, tessellations and prospects[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, 2023, 156: 100755.
  MA W W S, YANG H, ZHAO Y J, et al. Multi-physical lattice metamaterials enabled by additive manufacturing: Design principles, interaction mechanisms, and multifunctional applications[J]. Advanced Science, 2025, 12(8): 2405835.
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力学超材料的宏观力学行为与单元内的微结构和单元间的空间排列相关[   GAO J, CAO X F, XIAO M, et al. Rational designs of mechanical metamaterials: Formulations, architectures, tessellations and prospects[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, 2023, 156: 100755.
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。单元微结构有桁架晶格(Truss lattice)、平板晶格(Plate lattice)、曲面壳晶格(Shell Lattice)、杂交晶格(Hybrid lattice)和混合分形晶格(Hierarchical lattice)等规则几何晶格和采用拓扑优化获得的不规则晶格[   MA W W S, YANG H, ZHAO Y J, et al. Multi-physical lattice metamaterials enabled by additive manufacturing: Design principles, interaction mechanisms, and multifunctional applications[J]. Advanced Science, 2025, 12(8): 2405835.
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。单元的空间排列可以根据结构不同区域的力学特性需要,给出周期(Periodic)、梯度(Graded)、分区(Regional)、逐点(Pointwise)和随机(Random)排列形式[   GAO J, CAO X F, XIAO M, et al. Rational designs of mechanical metamaterials: Formulations, architectures, tessellations and prospects[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, 2023, 156: 100755.
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,使整体结构在不同尺度下均保持最优力学性能。采用规则几何微结构的力学超材料目前采用正向设计(Forward design)的研究较多[   HU K M, RUAN D H, LI H, et al. Design, analysis, and test of morphing wing driven by multi-layer parallel MFC bimorphs with adjustable axial pressure[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2025, 159: 109998.
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。正向设计主要针对受到仿生启发[   WAGERMAIER W, RAZGHANDI K, FRATZL P. A bio-inspired perspective on materials sustainability[J]. Advanced Materials, 2025, 37(22): 2413096.
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或基于经验设计的微观结构[   HUNT C J, MORABITO F, GRACE C, et al. A review of composite lattice structures[J]. Composite Structures, 2022, 284: 115120.
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展开物理特性分析,通过繁琐的试错和长期的迭代设计获得所需要的超材料结构。受到机器学习[   HA C S, YAO D S, XU Z P, et al. Rapid inverse design of metamaterials based on prescribed mechanical behavior through machine learning[J]. Nature Communications, 2023, 14: 5765.
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和拓扑优化[   CHEN W, HUANG X D. Topological design of 3D chiral metamaterials based on couple-stress homogenization[J]. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 2019, 131: 372-386.
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的启发,逆向设计(Reversal design)的方法可以准确直接地获得所需力学性能对应的单元微结构,在力学超材料变形骨架设计方面具有广泛前景。

将柔顺变形超材料应用于变体机翼的大多数研究仍处于原理性验证阶段。Heo等[   HEO H, JU J, KIM D M, et al. Passive morphing airfoil with honeycombs[C]//ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, 2012: 263-271.
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在翼型部分填充了各种蜂窝状结构,实现了变弯度翼型设计。Budarapu等[   BUDARAPU P R, SUDHIR SASTRY Y B, NATARAJAN R. Design concepts of an aircraft wing: Composite and morphing airfoil with auxetic structures[J]. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 2016, 10(4): 394-408.
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在一个机翼中填充了拉胀超材料,实现了显著的弯度变形。Zhang等[   ZHANG H B, ZHANG Z K, SONG C, et al. A morphing wing with cellular structure of non-uniform density[J]. Smart Materials and Structures, 2021, 30(10): 105005.
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将密度梯度变化的模块化蜂窝结构填充到机翼中,在扭转载荷下产生沿展向分布的扭转角。Keidel等[   KEIDEL D, FASEL U, ERMANNI P. Concept investigation of a lightweight composite lattice morphing wing[J]. AIAA Journal, 2021, 59(6): 2242-2250.
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介绍了一种基于碳纤维增强聚合物晶格结构的新型变体机翼结构概念,实现了机翼的气动弹性剪裁。Morton等[   MORTON D, XU A, MATUTE A, et al. Autonomous material composite morphing wing[J]. Journal of Composite Materials, 2023, 57(4): 711-720.
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提出了一种利用晶格结构设计变体机翼的新方法,通过柔顺晶格结构和光纤应变传感器实现了大变形、多模式的变形能力。NASA和MIT联合开展的任务自适应数值化复合材料航空结构技术(MADCAT)项目中,通过新型超材料和智能控制实现了数字点阵飞行器机翼扭转和弯度变化[   JENETT B, CALISCH S, CELLUCCI D, et al. Digital morphing wing: Active wing shaping concept using composite lattice-based cellular structures[J]. Soft Robotics, 2017, 4(1): 33-48.
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。中国飞机强度研究所提出了多模态变构的超材料变形机翼设计方案,该方案通过构建胞元体系,使用刚性承载单元和柔性变形单元的差异化设计,实现了结构轻量化和大变形能力的结构。该超材料变形骨架可以实现展向+12°/-9°连续扭转变形与弦向8%的厚度调节[   强度与结构完整性全国重点实验室. 强度与结构完整性全国重点实验室代表性科学研究动态[EB/OL]. (2024-03-17) [2025-07-13]. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/7RBWbFOLUWosx7GrSkYF8A.National Key Laboratory of Strength and Structural Integrity. Representative scientific research activities of the National Key Laboratory of Strength and Structural Integrity[EB/OL]. (2024-03-17) [2025-07-13]. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/7RBWbFOLUWosx7GrSkYF8A.
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  吴琪, 王志刚, 杨宇, 等. 多模态变构的超材料变形机翼设计与验证[J/OL]. 航空学报, 2025: 1-13. [2025-09-11]. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.1929.V.20250911.1039.008.html.WU Qi, WANG Zhigang, YANG Yu, et al. Design and verification of metamaterial deformed wing with multi-modal deformable structure[J/OL]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2025: 1-13. [2025-09-11]. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.1929.V.20250911.1039.008.html.
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图15为上述代表方案。

图15     力学超材料变体骨架
Fig.15     Mechanical metamaterials-based morphing framework design scheme

2.2.2     柔性蒙皮

针对弯曲为主导的变形方案,柔性蒙皮需要承受上下翼面方向相反的形变。以拉伸为主导的变形形式中,蒙皮在保持不存在褶皱的同时,需要承受拉伸和压缩的形变。以剪切为主导的变形形式则需要承载剪切变形或面外变形[   杨森, 刘峰, 聂瑞, 等. 变体飞行器智能材料驱动器和柔性蒙皮研究进展[J]. 航空工程进展, 2024, 15(3): 1-12, 26.YANG Sen, LIU Feng, NIE Rui, et al. Review of smart materials actuator and flexible skin for morphing aircraft[J]. Advances in Aeronautical Science and Engineering, 2024, 15(3): 1-12, 26.
10
  THILL C, ETCHES J, BOND I, et al. Morphing skins[J]. The Aeronautical Journal, 2008, 112(1129): 117-139.
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,值得注意的是,对于各种变形方式,消除蒙皮压缩导致的失稳和褶皱现象都是需要克服的难题之一。针对如图12(e)[   MKHOYAN T, THAKRAR N R, DE BREUKER R, et al. Morphing wing design using integrated and distributed trailing edge morphing[J]. Smart Materials and Structures, 2022, 31(12): 125025.
  DE BREUKER R, MKHOYAN T, NAZEER N, et al. Overview of the SmartX wing technology integrator[J]. Actuators, 2022, 11(10): 302.
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变弯度控制面与刚性机翼的过渡段这种复杂多维度变形的方案,柔性蒙皮则需要承载多种变形载荷,这将给设计带来更大挑战。

由于需要保持机翼表面光滑、柔顺、气密的气动外形,同时降低蒙皮集成后因刚度和质量增加而导致的额外驱动耗能,以更大程度上提高变体系统带来的气动收益,柔性蒙皮需要满足以下要求[   VASISTA S, TONG L Y, WONG K C. Realization of morphing wings: A multidisciplinary challenge[J]. Journal of Aircraft, 2012, 49(1): 11-28.
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  CONCILIO A, DIMINO I, PECORA R, et al. Morphing wing technologies, large commercial aircraft and civil helicopters[M]. Reston: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2017.
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  CAVALIERI V, DE GASPARI A, RICCI S. Optimization of compliant adaptive structures in the design of a morphing droop nose[J]. Smart Materials and Structures, 2020, 29(7): 075020.
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:(1)夹心结构或弹性基体处于材料弹性极限内且允许重复稳定使用;(2)驱动方向和承载方向具有刚度各向异性,降低驱动耗能并承载气动载荷;(3)可容许的弹性变形较大,满足所需的变形尺度;(4)质量尽可能低;(5)平面内泊松比为零。

目前主要的柔性蒙皮包括:弯曲蒙皮[   CAVALIERI V, DE GASPARI A, RICCI S. Optimization of compliant adaptive structures in the design of a morphing droop nose[J]. Smart Materials and Structures, 2020, 29(7): 075020.
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,基于弹性体[   CONCILIO A, DIMINO I, PECORA R, et al. Morphing wing technologies, large commercial aircraft and civil helicopters[M]. Reston: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2017.
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、点阵结构[   HEEB R M. Multi-material 3D printed thermoplastic morphing aircraft skins: Manufacturing, testing, analysis, and design space exploration [D]. Bristol: University of Bristol, 2023.
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、波纹结构[   THILL C, DOWNSBOROUGH J D, LAI S J, et al. Aerodynamic study of corrugated skins for morphing wing applications[J]. The Aeronautical Journal, 2010, 114(1154): 237-244.
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等的拉伸/压缩蒙皮,基于周期性夹心结构[   OLYMPIO K R, GANDHI F, ASHEGHIAN L, et al. Design of a flexible skin for a shear morphing wing[J]. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2010, 21(17): 1755-1770.
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、纤维增强弹性体[   WU R, SUN J, CHANG Z Z, et al. Elastic composite skin for a pure shear morphing wing structures[J]. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2015, 26(3): 352-363.
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等的剪切蒙皮,针对扭转机翼[   BISHAY P L, AGUILAR C, BISHAY P L, et al. Parametric study of a composite skin for a twist-morphing wing[J]. Aerospace, 2021, 8(9): 259.
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和过渡段机翼[   KÖLBL M, ERMANNI P. Structural design and analysis of an anisotropic, Bi-axially morphing skin concept[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2022, 120: 107292.
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的三维变形蒙皮,滑动蒙皮[   ELZEY D M, SOFLA A Y N, WADLEY H N G. A bio-inspired high-authority actuator for shape morphing structures[C]// Proceedings of SPIE Smart Structures and Materials Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring. San Diego: SPIE, 2003.
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等方案[   石欣桐, 杨宇, 王志刚, 等. 变体机翼中被动变形柔性蒙皮技术的研究现状与展望[J]. 复合材料学报, 2025, 42(8): 4235-4267.SHI Xintong, YANG Yu, WANG Zhigang, et al. Research status and prospect of passive morphing skin technology for morphing wings[J]. Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica, 2025, 42(8): 4235-4267.
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。如图16所示[   CONCILIO A, DIMINO I, PECORA R, et al. Morphing wing technologies, large commercial aircraft and civil helicopters[M]. Reston: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2017.
106
  CAVALIERI V, DE GASPARI A, RICCI S. Optimization of compliant adaptive structures in the design of a morphing droop nose[J]. Smart Materials and Structures, 2020, 29(7): 075020.
  HEEB R M. Multi-material 3D printed thermoplastic morphing aircraft skins: Manufacturing, testing, analysis, and design space exploration [D]. Bristol: University of Bristol, 2023.
  THILL C, DOWNSBOROUGH J D, LAI S J, et al. Aerodynamic study of corrugated skins for morphing wing applications[J]. The Aeronautical Journal, 2010, 114(1154): 237-244.
  OLYMPIO K R, GANDHI F, ASHEGHIAN L, et al. Design of a flexible skin for a shear morphing wing[J]. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2010, 21(17): 1755-1770.
  WU R, SUN J, CHANG Z Z, et al. Elastic composite skin for a pure shear morphing wing structures[J]. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2015, 26(3): 352-363.
  BISHAY P L, AGUILAR C, BISHAY P L, et al. Parametric study of a composite skin for a twist-morphing wing[J]. Aerospace, 2021, 8(9): 259.
  KÖLBL M, ERMANNI P. Structural design and analysis of an anisotropic, Bi-axially morphing skin concept[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2022, 120: 107292.
  ELZEY D M, SOFLA A Y N, WADLEY H N G. A bio-inspired high-authority actuator for shape morphing structures[C]// Proceedings of SPIE Smart Structures and Materials Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring. San Diego: SPIE, 2003.
168-175
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为经典柔性蒙皮的总结。

图16     各类柔性蒙皮
Fig.16     Morphing skins

所采用材料的分类[   AHMAD D, PARANCHEERIVILAKKATHIL M S, KUMAR A, et al. Recent developments of polymer-based skins for morphing wing applications[J]. Polymer Testing, 2024, 135: 108463.
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,目前可以分为聚合物蒙皮、记忆聚合物蒙皮和电活性聚合物蒙皮等。聚合物的最大优点是可以均匀、平滑地覆盖气动外形,由于聚合物具有重量轻、柔韧性强、耐磨损和抗疲劳等优点,是柔性变形方案的典型材料。电活性聚合物蒙皮在受到电刺激后产生大幅度变形,在具有聚合物的优势同时,可以作为自适应蒙皮实现动态改变形状。

2.2.3     变形机构/变形系统的实现方式/驱动方式

为了消除传统机构中存在的齿隙、磨损、质量和维护问题,采用柔顺机构设计的方案逐渐引起关注[   王彬文, 杨宇, 钱战森, 等. 机翼变弯度技术研究进展[J]. 航空学报, 2022, 43(1): 024943.WANG Binwen, YANG Yu, QIAN Zhansen, et al. Technical development of variable camber wing: Review[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2022, 43(1): 024943.
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  于靖军, 郝广波, 陈贵敏, 等. 柔性机构及其应用研究进展[J]. 机械工程学报, 2015, 51(13): 53-68.YU Jingjun, HAO Guangbo, CHEN Guimin, et al. State-of-art of compliant mechanisms and their applications[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2015, 51(13): 53-68.
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。柔顺机构可以避免上述传统机械结构存在的缺点并且有效减轻结构重量[   BARBARINO S, BILGEN O, AJAJ R M, et al. A review of morphing aircraft[J]. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2011, 22(9): 823-877.
1
  SHAW A D, ZHANG J Y, WANG C, et al. System-level optimization of passive energy balancing[J]. AIAA Journal, 2022, 60(9): 5570-5580.
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。但其存在两个显著缺点是弹性恢复力引起的结构固有刚度和变形与承载之间的矛盾[   VASISTA S, TONG L Y, WONG K C. Realization of morphing wings: A multidisciplinary challenge[J]. Journal of Aircraft, 2012, 49(1): 11-28.
  王彬文, 杨宇, 钱战森, 等. 机翼变弯度技术研究进展[J]. 航空学报, 2022, 43(1): 024943.WANG Binwen, YANG Yu, QIAN Zhansen, et al. Technical development of variable camber wing: Review[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2022, 43(1): 024943.
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(1)柔顺机构。

蒙皮和可变形机构均可设计为柔性结构,将通过刚体滑动和传统连接副替换为弹性变形和柔顺铰链[   LING M X, HOWELL L L, CAO J Y, et al. Kinetostatic and dynamic modeling of flexure-based compliant mechanisms: A survey[J]. Applied Mechanics Reviews, 2020, 72(3): 030802.
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。目前在柔顺机构设计有以下方法[   HOWELL L L. Compliant mechanisms[M]//21st Century Kinematics. London: Springer London, 2013: 189-216.
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:①自由度与约束拓扑结构(Freedom and constraint topologies);②拓扑优化(Topology optimization);③刚体机构替换法(Rigid-body replacement);④基础模块方法(Building blocks)。

在变体飞行器柔顺机构设计中,采用方法2和3的较多。拓扑优化由于具有丰富的设计空间,在非线性有限元和增材制造的推动下,其设计的结构可以实现十分丰富的功能[   BENDSØE M P, SIGMUND O. Topology Optimization: Theory, Methods and Applications[M]. Berlin: Springer, 2003.
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。在变弯度机翼的设计中,已采用变密度法、载荷路径法等拓扑优化方法设计了变弯度机翼[   YANG Y, WANG Z G, WANG B W, et al. Optimization, design and testing for morphing leading edge[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 2023, 237(18): 4100-4111.
  SANTER M, PELLEGRINO S. Topological optimization of compliant adaptive wing structure[J]. AIAA Journal, 2009, 47(3): 523-534.
183-184
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。基于前期积累的机械变形方案,使用具有相同变形方式的柔顺铰链替换刚性连接副较为方便,如赵飞等[   赵飞, 葛文杰, 张龙. 某无人机柔性机翼后缘变形机构的拓扑优化[J]. 机械设计, 2009, 26(8): 19-22.ZHAO Fei, GE Wenjie, ZHANG Long. Topological optimization on the deformation mechanism of flexible trailing edge of certain pilot-less aircraft[J]. Journal of Machine Design, 2009, 26(8): 19-22.
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设计的基于柔性铰链的变弯度机翼。

柔顺机构结构在弹性变形时需要存储驱动系统输出的变形能量。在整个变形周期中,存储在弹性系统中的能量并没有被回收,甚至需要驱动系统额外做功耗散存储在结构中的能量[   LING M X, HOWELL L L, CAO J Y, et al. Kinetostatic and dynamic modeling of flexure-based compliant mechanisms: A survey[J]. Applied Mechanics Reviews, 2020, 72(3): 030802.
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。这将导致过高的驱动耗能,需要驱动性能更强的作动器和能量存储系统,导致过度的“质量惩罚”。针对在飞机航行过程需要连续变形的副翼装置和仅针对部分工况使用的离散固定构型的襟翼、扰流板等控制面可以分别采用准零刚度和多稳态系统以降低驱动耗能。

(2)零刚度与多稳态系统。

准零刚度系统目前广泛应用于低频隔振,以实现高静态刚度和低动态刚度[   SCHENK M, GUEST S D. On zero stiffness[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 2014, 228(10): 1701-1714.
  BILANCIA P, SMITH S P, BERSELLI G, et al. Zero torque compliant mechanisms employing pre-buckled beams[J]. Journal of Mechanical Design, 2020, 142(11): 113301.
  ZHANG Q, GUO D K, HU G K. Tailored mechanical metamaterials with programmable quasi-zero-stiffness features for full-band vibration isolation[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2021, 31(33): 2101428.
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。基于这一思想,英国斯旺西大学首先提出了被动能量平衡概念,主要通过负刚度机构与结构驱动点并联,使用驱动器驱动能量在负刚度机构和柔顺结构之间转换[   SHAW A D, ZHANG J Y, WANG C, et al. System-level optimization of passive energy balancing[J]. AIAA Journal, 2022, 60(9): 5570-5580.
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图17为采用负刚度机构实现能量被动平衡的最小系统,基于已知结构驱动特性定制化设计负刚度机构可以实现在所需驱动区间为零刚度。目前这一概念已经在折叠翼尖[   ZHANG J Y, WANG C, SHAW A D, et al. Passive energy balancing design for a linear actuated morphing wingtip structure[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2020, 107: 106279.
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、变弯度机翼[   ZHANG J Y, SHAW A D, AMOOZGAR M, et al. Bidirectional torsional negative stiffness mechanism for energy balancing systems[J]. Mechanism and Machine Theory, 2019, 131: 261-277.
  WANG C, ZHAO Y, HUANG K, et al. Integration of the passive energy balancing based actuation system into a camber morphing design[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2024, 155: 109641.
  赵岩, 王晨, 何子懿, 等. 鱼骨式变体机翼的能量平衡驱动系统设计与验证[J]. 工程科学学报, 2025, 47(7): 1556-1567.ZHAO Yan, WANG Chen, HE Ziyi, et al. Design and verification of energy balance actuation system for fishbone morphing wings[J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering, 2025, 47(7): 1556-1567.
190-192
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等变体方案中实现了零刚度、降低耗能、降低驱动力[   SHAW A D, ZHANG J Y, WANG C, et al. System-level optimization of passive energy balancing[J]. AIAA Journal, 2022, 60(9): 5570-5580.
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和调节系统固有频率[   ZHANG J Y, SHAW A D, WANG C, et al. Resonant passive energy balancing for a morphing helicopter blade[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2022, 128: 107786.
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图17     被动能量平衡的最小系统
Fig.17     Minimalistic model of a negative stiffness mechanism for passive energy balancing

许多负刚度机构,如螺旋滑轮与弹簧机构、板梁为基元的超材料、多稳态层合板等[   SCHENK M, GUEST S D. On zero stiffness[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 2014, 228(10): 1701-1714.
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,在合适的初始几何参数时存在两个以上的稳定构型。通过串、并联的组合,可以实现丰富的多稳态现象[   OH Y S, KOTA S. Synthesis of multistable equilibrium compliant mechanisms using combinations of bistable mechanisms[J]. Journal of Mechanical Design, 2009, 131(2): 021002.
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。进一步,通过设计多稳态系统与柔顺结构组合,甚至可直接将柔顺结构设计为多稳态系统以实现飞行工况下的稳定变形。Wheatcroft等[   WHEATCROFT E D, MAHADIK Y, GROH R M J, et al. Wind tunnel testing of a passive gust load alleviation spoiler[J]. AIAA Journal, 2025, 63(10): 4156-4169.
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基于具有双稳态特性的屈曲梁结构,采用“顺序耦合弹性失稳”思想[   WHEATCROFT E D, SHEN J, GROH R M J, et al. Structural function from sequential, interacting elastic instabilities[J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 2023, 479(2272): 20220861.
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实现非线性构造块的串并联耦合,设计了一款被动阵风减缓的扰流板,并通过风洞试验验证其具有快速释放的能力与载荷减缓的效果。

2.3     变形测量和形状感知

动态形变的精确测量是提升变体飞行器气动性能与安全性的关键技术。近年来,随着智能材料与传感技术的发展,变体机翼变形测量技术有了多元化的发展,主要可分为非接触式测量与接触式测量[   WU X Y, XU Z W. Binocular vision monitoring method research of wing sweep angles for morphing aircraft in complex climate environments[J]. Measurement, 2023, 218: 113214.
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2.3.1     非接触式测量方法

非接触式测量可在不接触被测物的条件下实现表面大范围位移、应变的测量,大多采用光学测量技术,包括数字图像相关(Digital image correlation,DIC)、动态三维坐标捕捉、激光扫描测距等。Wu等[   WU X Y, XU Z W. Binocular vision monitoring method research of wing sweep angles for morphing aircraft in complex climate environments[J]. Measurement, 2023, 218: 113214.
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基于双目视觉,搭建了白天、夜晚、雨、雾、冰等环境下机翼变后掠角测试平台,在机翼沿展长方向布置标记点,采用高斯核函数梯度检测方法获取变形过程中标记点坐标,从而计算得到后掠角度。张盛等[   强度与结构完整性全国重点实验室. 强度与结构完整性全国重点实验室代表性科学研究动态[EB/OL]. (2024-03-17) [2025-07-13]. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/7RBWbFOLUWosx7GrSkYF8A.National Key Laboratory of Strength and Structural Integrity. Representative scientific research activities of the National Key Laboratory of Strength and Structural Integrity[EB/OL]. (2024-03-17) [2025-07-13]. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/7RBWbFOLUWosx7GrSkYF8A.
18
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研究基于偏心梁机构的变弯度机翼的变形能力时,采用非接触式测试系统测试了结构变形并与变形目标进行了对比验证。在Smart-X Alpha变后缘机翼的研究项目中也采用了DIC技术评估了后缘变形能力,并用于验证所提出的数值模型的准确性[   MKHOYAN T, THAKRAR N R, DE BREUKER R, et al. Morphing wing design using integrated and distributed trailing edge morphing[J]. Smart Materials and Structures, 2022, 31(12): 125025.
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此类方法在测量三维形状和变形时具有很高测量精度,但是也存在一定的局限性:(1)受到图像处理效率的限制,很难进行实时形状感知,限制其应用于实时形状控制;(2)在测量封闭性、大变形和曲面复杂结构等存在视场缺失问题。

2.3.2     接触式测量方法

在飞机飞行中,通常采用接触式测量技术感知机翼形变。该方法通过直接安装传感器于机翼表面或结构内部,实现应变、形变或振动信号实时采集。这类测量方法主要包括光纤传感测量、压电传感测量等。在SARISTU项目设计的全尺寸原型机中,通过自适应变后缘装置中粘贴光纤传感器来测量机翼展向和弦向弹性变形[   CONCILIO A, DIMINO I, PECORA R, et al. Morphing wing technologies, large commercial aircraft and civil helicopters[M]. Reston: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2017.
106
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。张雄雄等[   张雄雄, 宋言明, 孟凡勇, 等. 变体飞行器柔性复合蒙皮植入式光纤形状传感[J]. 红外与激光工程, 2019, 48(6): 0622003.ZHANG Xiongxiong, SONG Yanming, MENG Fanyong, et al. Flexible composite skin embedded optical fiber shape sensing for variant aircraft[J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2019, 48(6): 0622003.
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提出一种植入式柔性复合蒙皮形状光纤传感方法,获得不同翼型下柔性蒙皮中光纤光栅反射谱特征及其变化规律,重建柔性蒙皮变形形状,与通过数字图像测量所得到的结果之间误差<4.62%。随着智能传感技术与复合材料编制技术的发展,兼具大变形以及自传感功能的柔性智能蒙皮成为了变体机翼自传感测控的研究热点[   WANG G T, WANG Y, ZHANG P P, et al. Structure dependent properties of carbon nanomaterials enabled fiber sensors for in situ monitoring of composites[J]. Composite Structures, 2018, 195: 36-44.
  SALOWITZ N, GUO Z Q, KIM S J, et al. Bio-inspired intelligent sensing materials for fly-by-feel autonomous vehicles[C]//2012 IEEE Sensors. Taipei, China: IEEE, 2012.
  CUI Y X, LUO H C, YANG T, et al. Bio-inspired structures for energy harvesting self-powered sensing and smart monitoring[J]. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 2025, 228: 112459.
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。不同变形测量方法的示意图如图18所示[   RAITHER W, HEYMANNS M, BERGAMINI A, et al. Morphing wing structure with controllable twist based on adaptive bending-twist coupling[J]. Smart Materials and Structures, 2013, 22(6): 065017.
101
  黄可, 张家应, 王晨. 鱼骨柔性翼等效结构建模及其气动弹性特性分析[J]. 南京航空航天大学学报, 2024, 56(3): 516-525.HUANG Ke, ZHANG Jiaying, WANG Chen. Equivalent structure model of fish bone active camber morphing concept and analysis of aeroelastic characteristics[J]. Journal of Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, 2024, 56(3): 516-525.
120
  赵岩, 王晨, 何子懿, 等. 鱼骨式变体机翼的能量平衡驱动系统设计与验证[J]. 工程科学学报, 2025, 47(7): 1556-1567.ZHAO Yan, WANG Chen, HE Ziyi, et al. Design and verification of energy balance actuation system for fishbone morphing wings[J]. Chinese Journal of Engineering, 2025, 47(7): 1556-1567.
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  OH Y S, KOTA S. Synthesis of multistable equilibrium compliant mechanisms using combinations of bistable mechanisms[J]. Journal of Mechanical Design, 2009, 131(2): 021002.
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]

图18     变体机翼不同变形测量方法
Fig.18     Different measurement methods for morphing aircraft wings

智能蒙皮是实现飞行器“Fly-by-Feel”的关键技术[   HUANG Y A, ZHU C, XIONG W N, et al. Flexible smart sensing skin for “fly-by-feel” morphing aircraft[J]. Science China Technological Sciences, 2022, 65(1): 1-29.
  戈家影, 文钧民, 叶冬, 等. 飞行器智能蒙皮异质多层电路制造技术进展[J]. 航空制造技术, 2024, 67(13): 68-83.GE Jiaying, WEN Junmin, YE Dong, et al. Advances in manufacturing technologies for heterogeneous multilayer circuit of aircraft smart skin[J]. Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology, 2024, 67(13): 68-83.
  HOLLENBECK A C, GRANDHI R, HANSEN J H, et al. Bioinspired artificial hair sensors for flight-by-feel of unmanned aerial vehicles: A review[J]. AIAA Journal, 2023, 61(12): 5206-5231.
202-204
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,是接触式变形传感技术的重要应用场景。智能蒙皮在保持柔性蒙皮的承载和变形能力的基础上,集成感知、处理、通信、控制等多种功能。智能蒙皮可以感知应变、冲击、振动、温度等信息并主动变形或加热以保持气动性能最优[   戈家影, 文钧民, 叶冬, 等. 飞行器智能蒙皮异质多层电路制造技术进展[J]. 航空制造技术, 2024, 67(13): 68-83.GE Jiaying, WEN Junmin, YE Dong, et al. Advances in manufacturing technologies for heterogeneous multilayer circuit of aircraft smart skin[J]. Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology, 2024, 67(13): 68-83.
203
]
图19为华中科技大学团队模仿生物系统开发的多功能智能蒙皮(iFlexSense)[   XIONG W N, ZHU C, GUO D L, et al. Bio-inspired, intelligent flexible sensing skin for multifunctional flying perception[J]. Nano Energy, 2021, 90: 106550.
205
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,该智能蒙皮具有类似皮肤的力学传感、神经元的数据传输、免疫系统的冲击监测和人类大脑的人工智能。在风洞试验中验证了iFlexSense具有测量表面压力、温度、壁面剪切应力等的能力,通过采集和分析机翼表面的压力波动,预测流动分离和颤振的发生[   戈家影, 文钧民, 叶冬, 等. 飞行器智能蒙皮异质多层电路制造技术进展[J]. 航空制造技术, 2024, 67(13): 68-83.GE Jiaying, WEN Junmin, YE Dong, et al. Advances in manufacturing technologies for heterogeneous multilayer circuit of aircraft smart skin[J]. Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology, 2024, 67(13): 68-83.
203
]

图19     iFlexSense多功能智能蒙皮[   XIONG W N, ZHU C, GUO D L, et al. Bio-inspired, intelligent flexible sensing skin for multifunctional flying perception[J]. Nano Energy, 2021, 90: 106550.
205
]
Fig.19     Multi-functional smart skin[   XIONG W N, ZHU C, GUO D L, et al. Bio-inspired, intelligent flexible sensing skin for multifunctional flying perception[J]. Nano Energy, 2021, 90: 106550.
205
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3     发展趋势总结与难点分析

现有变体飞行器结构设计方案表现出多系统集成化更复杂、结构变形测量更精确、试验验证更丰富、工程验证更全面、智能化程度更高等发展趋势,具体如下:

(1)从关注单一变形自由度的方案逐渐发展为实现复杂结构变形的多变形自由度方案的集成研究,如SARISTU项目、DLR智能客机项目均涉及可变前后缘、智能翼尖等多个变体系统的集成[   WÖLCKEN P C, PAPADOPOULOS M. Smart intelligent aircraft structures (SARISTU): Proceedings of the final project conference[M]. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016.
15
  CONCILIO A, DIMINO I, PECORA R, et al. Morphing wing technologies, large commercial aircraft and civil helicopters[M]. Reston: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2017.
106
]

(2)随着柔性蒙皮、智能材料、智能驱动器、传感器和柔顺机构等多领域的快速发展,将驱动、感知、结构和传动融为一体的变体方案逐渐突出,如代尔夫特大学的Smart-X Alpha变弯度柔性翼具有感知流动分离的压电传感器、驱动后缘高频作动的压电驱动器和实现弯曲变形的滑动蒙皮结构[   MKHOYAN T, THAKRAR N R, DE BREUKER R, et al. Morphing wing design using integrated and distributed trailing edge morphing[J]. Smart Materials and Structures, 2022, 31(12): 125025.
  DE BREUKER R, MKHOYAN T, NAZEER N, et al. Overview of the SmartX wing technology integrator[J]. Actuators, 2022, 11(10): 302.
125-126
]

(3)从实验室内的初步概念和仿真验证转向为更为全面的方案可行性验证,包含风洞试验、地面可靠性试验、地面振动试验、航模验证机试飞验证到全尺寸原型验证机试飞验证。

(4)2010年以来的变体结构方案中更充分考虑了工程实际中必须面对的防除冰、鸟击/雷击防护、材料疲劳与结构可靠性问题,不断解决了工程实际性问题,进一步提高了变体飞行器结构的技术成熟度。

(5)目前工程化程度较高的变体方案为折叠机翼、变后掠机翼和变弯度机翼。如舰载战斗机和预警机广泛使用的折叠翼设计和NOVEMOR项目、SMS项目均在研究变弯度机翼在民航客机中的应用前景[   CONCILIO A, DIMINO I, PECORA R, et al. Morphing wing technologies, large commercial aircraft and civil helicopters[M]. Reston: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2017.
106
]

(6)变体飞行器结构逐渐从机械传动方案转向柔顺变形方案。回顾所有的变体技术,热点技术方案均有柔顺变形方案。针对柔顺变形方案,许多学者提出了全新的结构设计手段、结构形式和驱动方案等。

由于对未来变体飞行器的通用性要求更高,仅依赖单一学科的传统设计方法无法实现变体飞行器结构设计,需要提出多学科交叉的强耦合设计方法。因此,目前尚有一些亟需解决的难点。

(1)大变形封严结构的设计与使用。现阶段柔性蒙皮、滑动蒙皮等设计,无法实现在机翼结构与操纵面在大变形过程中需同时承受剧烈变化的气动载荷、结构惯性载荷及热载荷的能力。因此,如何实现飞行器表明光滑连续的大变形和高承载的需求是重大的挑战。并且未来变体飞行器需要面对复杂载荷和恶劣环境,其引发的复杂气弹效应、热-力耦合效应等问题也亟需实现高精度预测与有效验证,并在复杂环境以及多种任务剖面下,保持结构安全性与功能可靠性。

(2)基于超材料、柔顺结构、多稳态系统等为基础的全新变体结构仍缺少结构设计规范。目前全新结构绝大多数均未开展工程化应用的全面验证。针对全新结构的强度准则、疲劳寿命评估等方面的系统性分析还较欠缺。目前研究仅限于变体飞行器关键部件的重新设计,对于其作为飞行器部件的可靠性研究尚未开展。

(3)采用多材料场分布和多物理场耦合的多目标优化方法所设计的变体结构具有复杂的内部结构和外部形状。此类变体结构的精确加工成型给现有加工技术带来挑战。多材料融合的界面强度能否满足需求也对结构可制造性提出考验。

(4)由于智能蒙皮、形状感知技术和多传感器融合等系统集成至变体飞行器,需要考虑如何将系统与结构集成一体并稳健运行。变体飞行器的力学模型具备快时变、强非线性、多自由度等特点,传统控制方法难以应用于不同维度和截面变形的分布式协调驱动。

4     结论与展望

未来飞行器需满足空天一体、空海一体、宽速域、大空域等任务需求,变体飞行器具有广阔的应用前景。轻质高效的超材料变形结构,具备丰富感知能力的智能蒙皮,高能量密度的智能驱动器以及结构功能一体化的柔顺机构等关键技术为实现变体飞行器的“一机多能”的最终目标提供了基础。

本文系统阐述了现阶段变体飞行器的结构设计方法与关键技术,并分析关键技术面临的主要问题与挑战。为推动变体技术逐渐走向民用和军用领域并解决目前现有技术不足,未来变体飞行器技术可以从以下方面开展。

(1)开展多学科交叉耦合一体化设计。变体飞行器需要满足热防护、隐身、控制等学科要求,也需在气动载荷下保持结构稳定,同时保持气动外形的光滑柔顺。因此必须建立多学科交叉耦合的多目标优化框架,指导变体飞行器结构设计。针对计算复杂且耗时的技术指标,采用代理模型替代将成为提高优化计算效率的关键。

(2)变体机构仍需轻质紧凑、可靠性高、驱动模组小、能量效率高的智能驱动技术。针对变体飞行器承受的高气动载荷、复杂热环境和灵活快速变形等需求,智能材料和智能结构还需在响应带宽、驱动精度、耐高温、耐疲劳等方面开展深入研究。将智能材料与柔顺蒙皮集成,实现智能变形/承载/驱动一体化的智能蒙皮技术。

(3)面向多维载荷和复杂飞行工况,需建立潜在柔性材料的物理模型和动态响应计算方法。从多维度变形、预拉伸性能、多物理场耦合下的超弹性、粘弹性、弹塑性本构特性等角度开展研究。针对变体飞行器的新结构、新材料、新需求等开展系统性研究并建立疲劳断裂、功能可靠性等基于实际飞行工况的标准测试和评估方法。

(4)面向柔性机翼的多维度变形需求,分布式协调驱动、形变实时感知和形状控制技术需要进一步开发。设计考虑气动/结构/控制等多学科联合试验方案,在考虑多学科响应情况下对所提出技术进行充分验证。提出考虑多学科的缩比模型设计准则,在小尺寸下准确、可靠和经济地验证提出的全新技术。变形能力、颤振特性、气动效率和控制性能的验证还需在全尺寸样机开展。

(5)结构变形与流体相互作用而存在的复杂非定常气动效应,需建立高精度实时气动载荷计算模型。准确分析复杂载荷是实现变体飞行器高效控制的关键。针对非定常涡格法和计算流体力学等高精度高耗时计算工具,可采用非线性系统辨识理论的动态非线性气动力降阶模型来提高气动力的计算效率。人工智能的快速发展也为非定常气动载荷的快速高精度预测带来新思路。

作者介绍



黄可 博士研究生,研究方向为变体飞行器结构设计,变后缘柔性翼气动弹性分析。

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