动态调控电磁吸收材料研究进展

基金项目

重点研发青年科学家项目2023YFB3811600);

青年科学基金项目52502175);

2025年度博士后创新人才支持计划BX20250462);

中国博士后科学基金第77批面上资助2025M774304

中图分类号:

V218

文献标识码:

A

通信作者

宋梓诚,副研究员,博士,研究方向为超构电磁吸收材料。

王天宇,教授,博士,研究方向为多相流流动及传热。

朱嘉琦,教授,博士,研究方向为光电功能薄膜、晶体及器件,以及空天飞行器防护。

编辑

责编 :晓月

流转信息

收稿日期 : 2025-06-30

退修日期 : 2025-07-29

录用日期 : 2025-09-12

引用格式

引文格式:李泽钦, 宋梓诚, 张锐聪, 等. 动态调控电磁吸收材料研究进展[J]. 航空制造技术, 2026, 69(1/2): 25010112.

Progress in Dynamically Modulated Electromagnetic Absorbing Materials

Citations

LI Zeqin, SONG Zicheng, ZHANG Ruicong, et al. Progress in dynamically modulated electromagnetic absorbing materials[J]. Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology, 2026, 69(1/2): 25010112.

航空制造技术    第69卷    第1/2期    98-116
Aeronautical Manufacturing Techinology    Vol.69    No.1/2 : 98-116
DOI: 10.16080/j.issn1671-833x.25010112
论坛 >> 超材料(FORUM >> Metamaterial)

动态调控电磁吸收材料研究进展

  • 李泽钦 1,2
  • 宋梓诚 1
  • 张锐聪 1
  • 王天宇 3
  • 张智博 1
  • 朱嘉琦 1
1.哈尔滨工业大学航天学院复合材料与结构研究所哈尔滨 150006
2.哈尔滨工业大学郑州研究院郑州 450018
3.哈尔滨工业大学能源科学与工程学院哈尔滨 150006

通信作者

宋梓诚,副研究员,博士,研究方向为超构电磁吸收材料。

王天宇,教授,博士,研究方向为多相流流动及传热。

朱嘉琦,教授,博士,研究方向为光电功能薄膜、晶体及器件,以及空天飞行器防护。

基金项目

重点研发青年科学家项目2023YFB3811600);

青年科学基金项目52502175);

2025年度博士后创新人才支持计划BX20250462);

中国博士后科学基金第77批面上资助2025M774304

中图分类号:

V218

文献标识码:

A

流转信息

收稿日期 : 2025-06-30     退修日期 : 2025-07-29     录用日期 : 2025-09-12     

引用格式

引文格式:李泽钦, 宋梓诚, 张锐聪, 等. 动态调控电磁吸收材料研究进展[J]. 航空制造技术, 2026, 69(1/2): 25010112.

摘要

传统电磁吸收材料的电磁性能固定,难以适应环境电磁背景随时间和空间的动态变化。随着合成孔径雷达(SAR)等高分辨雷达成像系统的发展,目标与环境之间的电磁反射差异可被精确识别,显著提高了目标暴露的风险。为实现成像条件下伪装,亟须发展在微波段具备动态调控能力的电磁吸收材料,通过调控其电磁响应特性与环境保持一致,从而降低可探测性。随着新型材料与器件体系和形变调控机制的发展,使得宽频带、大调制深度的电磁吸收调控逐渐成为可能。本文综述了石墨烯、二极管、流体等代表性材料体系以及机械形变调控方案在电磁吸收调控方面的研究进展,分析了各类技术电磁调控机理,并对拓展电磁调控带宽、扩大电磁调控幅度的设计策略进行了总结。最后对动态调控电磁吸收材料未来发展方向进行了展望。

关键词

动态调控;电磁吸收;石墨烯超材料;二极管超材料;水基超材料;机械结构超材料;SAR成像;

Progress in Dynamically Modulated Electromagnetic Absorbing Materials

  • LI Zeqin 1,2
  • SONG Zicheng 1
  • ZHANG Ruicong 1
  • WANG Tianyu 3
  • ZHANG Zhibo 1
  • ZHU Jiaqi 1
1.Center for Composite Materials and Structures, School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
2.Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450018, China
3.School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China

Citations

LI Zeqin, SONG Zicheng, ZHANG Ruicong, et al. Progress in dynamically modulated electromagnetic absorbing materials[J]. Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology, 2026, 69(1/2): 25010112.

Abstract

Conventional electromagnetic (EM) absorbing materials exhibit fixed EM properties, limiting their ability to adapt to spatiotemporal variations in the ambient EM environment. With the advancement of high-resolution radar imaging systems such as synthetic aperture radar (SAR), the EM reflection differences between targets and their surroundings can be precisely identified, significantly increasing the risk of target exposure. To achieve effective camouflage under imaging conditions, it is imperative to develop dynamically tunable EM absorbing materials operating in the microwave band that can modulate their EM responses to match the environment, thereby reducing detectability. Recent progress in novel material and device systems, as well as deformation-driven modulation mechanisms, has enabled the realization of broadband EM absorption with large modulation depth. This review summarizes research advances in representative material systems including graphene, diodes, and fluidic media, alongside mechanical deformation-based modulation approaches. The EM modulation mechanisms of various technologies are analyzed, and design strategies for extending modulation bandwidth and enhancing modulation depth are discussed. Finally, future development directions of dynamically tunable EM absorbing materials are proposed.

Keywords

Dynamic tuning; Electromagnetic absorption; Graphene metamaterials; Diode metamaterials; Water-based metamaterials; Mechanical metamaterials; SAR imaging;



传统雷达依赖测量回波信号的功率推测目标的特性[  施端阳, 林强, 胡冰, 等. 深度学习在雷达目标检测中的应用综述[J]. 雷达科学与技术, 2022, 20(6): 589–605.SHI Duanyang, LIN Qiang, HU Bing, et al. Review on applications of deep learning in radar target detection[J]. Radar Science and Technology, 2022, 20(6): 589–605.
 SKOLNIK M I. Introduction to radar[J]. Radar handbook, 1962, 2: 21–21.
1-2
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。作为应对手段,20世纪40年代,Salisbury[  SALISBURY W W. Absorbent body for electromagnetic waves: US 2,599,944[P]. 1952.
3
]
提出由石墨涂层–介质层–金属背板组成的电磁吸收结构,以降低回波功率,为电磁吸收材料的发展奠定了基础。然而,早期电磁吸收材料普遍存在质量大、厚度大等问题[  王文豪, 王龙, 汪刘应, 等. 基于不同材料体系的吸波超材料研究进展[J]. 稀有金属材料与工程, 2024, 53(3): 856–869.WANG Wenhao, WANG Long, WANG Liuying, et al. Research progress of absorbing metamaterials based on different material systems[J]. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering, 2024, 53(3): 856–869.
4
]
。随着技术的发展,电磁吸收材料逐渐发展出高磁损耗材料、电损耗介质、手性材料等新型材料体系[  方亮, 龚荣州, 官建国. 雷达吸波材料的现状与展望[J]. 武汉工业大学学报, 1999, 21(6): 21–24.FANG Liang, GONGRongzhou, GUAN JianguoPresent status and prospect of rader absorbing materials[J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology, 1999, 21(6): 21–24.
5
]
,使材料可以在保持轻质的基础上有效提升吸收率、拓展吸收带宽。将电磁吸收材料应用于装备表面,可将入射雷达波转换为热能[  杨佳蓬, 逯景桐, 张帅, 等. 基于电阻膜的宽带超材料吸波体设计[J]. 电子元件与材料, 2024, 43(2): 176–181.YANG Jiapeng, LU Jingtong, ZHANG Shuai, et al. Design of wideband metamaterial absorber based on resistive film[J]. Electronic Components and Materials, 2024, 43(2): 176–181.
 XIA Y X, GAO W W, GAO C. A review on graphene-based electromagnetic functional materials: Electromagnetic wave shielding and absorption[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2022, 32(42): 2204591.
 ZHAO B, DENG J, ZHANG R, et al. Recent advances on the electromagnetic wave absorption properties of Ni based materials[J]. Engineered Science, 2018, 3(37): 5-40.
6-8
]
,降低回波信号功率,从而有效减小目标雷达散射截面积,缩小可探测距离。

然而,电磁吸收材料与传统雷达探测间的短暂平衡已被新型雷达技术打破。合成孔径雷达(Synthetic aperture radar,SAR)[  CHAN Y K, KOO V C. An introduction to synthetic aperture radar (sar)[J]. Progress in Electromagnetics Research B, 2008, 2: 27–60.
 MOREIRA A, PRATS-IRAOLA P, YOUNIS M, et al. A tutorial on synthetic aperture radar[J]. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine, 2013, 1(1): 6–43.
 TOMIYASU K. Tutorial review of synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) with applications to imaging of the ocean surface[J]. Proceedings of the IEEE, 1978, 66(5): 563–583.
9-11
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是一种主动式微波成像传感器,通常在微波段工作,常用波段包括L波段(1~2 GHz)、C波段(4~8 GHz)和X波段(8~12 GHz)[  RICHARDS J A. Remote sensing with imaging radar[M]. Heidelberg: Springer, 2009.
12
]
。SAR成像技术通过向目标发射微波,并借助合成孔径和相干处理等手段,可生成目标及周围环境的高分辨率二维图像[  BROWN W M, PORCELLO L J. An introduction to synthetic-aperture radar[J]. IEEE Spectrum, 1969, 6(9): 52–62.
13
]
。由于环境的电磁反射特性随空间与时间变化显著(例如湿地电磁反射约为–8 dB,冻土的电磁反射约为–15 dB,草地的电磁反射约为–18 dB[  XU Z H, XU S, QIAN C, et al. Chimera metasurface for multiterrain invisibility[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2024, 121(6): e2309096120.
14
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),而传统电磁吸收材料电磁反射特性固定,借助目标特性与环境背景的成像差异,即可对目标的种类与位置进行识别[  郭倩, 王海鹏, 徐丰. SAR图像飞机目标检测识别进展[J]. 雷达学报, 2020, 9(3): 497–513.GUO Qian, WANG Haipeng, XU Feng. Research progress on aircraft detection and recognition in SAR imagery[J]. Journal of Radars, 2020, 9(3): 497–513.
15
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。因此,传统静态电磁吸收材料已难以满足实际伪装需求,为了匹配不同环境下的电磁响应特性,对动态调控电磁吸收材料需求日益迫切。

与传统电磁吸收材料不同,动态调控电磁吸收材料主要采用改变材料的电磁参数的调控方式,可通过调控电磁响应特性使其与环境一致,有望解决新型高分辨率雷达探测技术(SAR成像技术)造成的电磁隐身难题[  XU H X, WANG M Z, HU G W, et al. Adaptable invisibility management using kirigami-inspired transformable metamaterials[J]. Research, 2021(1): 94–104.
16
]
。采用物理场刺激,可以控制液晶[  HU W F, DICKIE R, CAHILL R, et al. Liquid crystal tunable mm wave frequency selective surface[J]. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 2007, 17(9): 667–669.
 DENG G S, HU H L, MO H S, et al. Liquid crystal-based wide-angle metasurface absorber with large frequency tunability and low voltage[J]. Optics Express, 2022, 30(13): 22550–22561.
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、相变材料[  LU Z G, ZHANG Y L, WANG H Y, et al. Transparent thermally tunable microwave absorber prototype based on patterned VO2 film[J]. Engineering, 2023, 29: 198–206.
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和石墨烯[  ZHANG J, LI Z F, SHAO L D, et al. Dynamical absorption manipulation in a graphene-based optically transparent and flexible metasurface[J]. Carbon, 2021, 176: 374–382.
 BALCI O, POLAT E O, KAKENOV N, et al. Graphene-enabled electrically switchable radar-absorbing surfaces[J]. Nature Communications, 2015, 6: 6628.
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等材料的电学特性,从而调控电磁吸收特性。为了实现新型高分辨率雷达探测技术(SAR成像技术)下的电磁隐身,需要在微波波段安装具有宽带动态可调功能的电磁吸收材料,早期基于石墨烯实现的动态电磁吸收材料存在电磁吸收带宽较窄的问题[  BALCI O, POLAT E O, KAKENOV N, et al. Graphene-enabled electrically switchable radar-absorbing surfaces[J]. Nature Communications, 2015, 6: 6628.
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。随着技术的发展,通过谐振叠加、优化材料结构等方式可以有效拓展吸收带宽,动态电磁吸收材料逐渐呈现出吸收幅度、频率多功能协同调控、多状态连续调控的趋势。

本文针对石墨烯、二极管、流体等代表性材料体系以及机械形变调控方案在电磁吸收动态调控方面的研究进行了总结,分析了不同材料和结构实现的电磁吸收动态调控性能,指出了现有技术在调控带宽、调制深度方面的研究进展与发展趋势,总结了动态调控电磁吸收材料的发展脉络。

1     基于石墨烯的动态调控电磁吸收材料

1.1     石墨烯电磁吸收动态调控机理

石墨烯的费米能级[  ZHANG R C, ZHANG Z B, HAN J C, et al. Advanced liquid crystal-based switchable optical devices for light protection applications: Principles and strategies[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 2023, 12: 11.
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与载流子浓度[  WANG L, SOFER Z, ŠIMEK P, et al. Boron-doped graphene: Scalable and tunable p-type carrier concentration doping[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2013, 117(44): 23251–23257.
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为其表面电阻提供了可调控维度,利用施加偏置电压可调控石墨烯表面电阻的特性,可实现对电磁波吸收幅度[  BALCI O, POLAT E O, KAKENOV N, et al. Graphene-enabled electrically switchable radar-absorbing surfaces[J]. Nature Communications, 2015, 6: 6628.
21
 GRANDE M, BIANCO G V, PERNA F M, et al. Reconfigurable and optically transparent microwave absorbers based on deep eutectic solvent-gated graphene[J]. Scientific Reports, 2019, 9: 5463.
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、吸收频率[  GENG M Y, LIU Z G, WU W J, et al. A dynamically tunable microwave absorber based on graphene[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2020, 68(6): 4706–4713.
 ZHONG S M, ZHANG Y, MA Y G. Optically transparent frequency-tunable microwave absorber based on patterned graphene–ITO structure[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2022, 70(10): 9959–9964.
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的调控。为了以较低电压调控表面电阻,通常构造“石墨烯–离子液体–石墨烯”的三明治结构。如图1(a)所示[  BALCI O, POLAT E O, KAKENOV N, et al. Graphene-enabled electrically switchable radar-absorbing surfaces[J]. Nature Communications, 2015, 6: 6628.
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,当石墨烯结构的不同石墨烯层分别连接正负电压时,石墨烯的费米能级随之发生变化。不同频率下,改变费米能级对石墨烯表面电阻的影响规律不同。其中,石墨烯的表面电导率σω)可表示为[  SENSALE-RODRIGUEZ B, YAN R S, KELLY M M, et al. Broadband graphene terahertz modulators enabled by intraband transitions[J]. Nature Communications, 2012, 3: 780.
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]

σ(ω)=σinter(ω)+σintra(ω)
(1)

σinter(ω)=e24σintra(ω)=σDC(EF)1+ω2τ2
(2)

式中,σinterω)为带间面电导率;σintraω)为带内面电导率;ω为角频率;σDCEF)是与费米能级相关的直流电导率;τ为弛豫时间。石墨烯在可见–近红外等高频带时,光学响应由带间跃迁[  WANG W H, KINARET J M. Plasmons in graphene nanoribbons: Interband transitions and nonlocal effects[J]. Physical Review B, 2013, 87(19): 195424.
 MALARD L M, MAK K F, NETO A C, et al. Observation of intra-and inter-band transitions in the transient optical response of graphene[J]. New Journal of Physics, 2013, 15(1): 015009.
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主导,石墨烯表现出恒定的光学电导率;当频率逐渐降低,带间跃迁被阻断,光学响应转为由带内跃迁[  MALARD L M, MAK K F, NETO A C, et al. Observation of intra-and inter-band transitions in the transient optical response of graphene[J]. New Journal of Physics, 2013, 15(1): 015009.
 YANG C H, WANG G X, ZHANG C, et al. The tuned absorptance in multilayer graphene-dielectric structures by intraband transition[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 2017, 122(13): 133109.
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主导。如图1(b)所示[  BALCI O, POLAT E O, KAKENOV N, et al. Graphene-enabled electrically switchable radar-absorbing surfaces[J]. Nature Communications, 2015, 6: 6628.
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,在太赫兹波段,石墨烯的表面电阻将发生显著变化;在微波波段,表面电阻对吸收率的影响在宽频带内保持稳定。石墨烯的表面电阻和表面电导之间的关系可以表示为Rs=1/σω),石墨烯的表面电阻与其费米能级直接相关。

图1     石墨烯电磁吸收动态调控机理
Fig.1     Dynamic regulation mechanism of graphene electromagnetic absorption

采用石墨烯构造超材料结构,可以进一步拓展电磁吸收调控维度。基于传输线理论,采用石墨烯构造的超表面的等效阻抗可表示为[  HU H, QI B, ZHAO Y, et al. A graphene-based THz metasurface sensor with air-spaced structure[J]. Frontiers in Physics, 2022, 10: 990126.
31
]

Zg=Rg+jωLg+1jωCg
(3)

式中,Rg为等效电阻;j为虚数单位;Lg为等效电感;Cg为等效电容。当等效阻抗的实部等于自由空间阻抗,虚部为0,即角频率由1/LgCg给出时,所设计的结构满足阻抗匹配条件[  PENG Z W, HWANG J Y, ANDRIESE M. Absorber impedance matching in microwave heating[J]. Applied Physics Express, 2012, 5(7): 077301.
 PUES H F, VAN DE CAPELLE A R. An impedance-matching technique for increasing the bandwidth of microstrip antennas[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 1989, 37(11): 1345–1354.
32-33
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,反射最大程度得到抑制,吸收率达到最大。石墨烯表面电阻发生变化,将导致阻抗匹配条件变化,若未引起等效电感和等效电容的变化,则仅引起吸收幅度发生变化而谐振频率不变;若引起等效电感和等效电容的变化,则引发谐振频率变化。通过引入偏置电压协调超材料结构的设计,可以实现基于石墨烯的电磁吸收材料对吸收幅度、频率的动态调控,表1[  BALCI O, POLAT E O, KAKENOV N, et al. Graphene-enabled electrically switchable radar-absorbing surfaces[J]. Nature Communications, 2015, 6: 6628.
21
 FANTE R L, MCCORMACK M T. Reflection properties of the salisbury screen[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 1988, 36(10): 1443–1454.
 CHAMBERS B. Optimum design of a Salisbury screen radarabsorber[J]. Electronics Letters, 1994, 30(16): 1353–1354.
 LI Q, LU J, GUPTA P, et al. Engineering optical absorption in graphene and other 2D materials: Advances and applications[J]. Advanced Optical Materials, 2019, 7(20): 1900595.
 CEN C L, CHEN Z Q, XU D Y, et al. High quality factor, high sensitivity metamaterial graphene—Perfect absorber based on critical coupling theory and impedance matching[J]. Nanomaterials, 2020, 10(1): 95.
 ZHANG Y, FENG Y J, ZHU B, et al. Switchable quarter-wave plate with graphene based metamaterial for broadband terahertz wave manipulation[J]. Optics Express, 2015, 23(21): 27230–27239.
 ZHANG J, LIU Z G, LU W B, et al. A low profile tunable microwave absorber based on graphene sandwich structure and high impedance surface[J]. International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, 2020, 30(2): e22022.
 ZHANG J, WEI X Z, RUKHLENKO I D, et al. Electrically tunable metasurface with independent frequency and amplitude modulations[J]. ACS Photonics, 2020, 7(1): 265–271.
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总结了其相应的调控手段和性能指标。

表1     基于石墨烯的动态调控性能[  BALCI O, POLAT E O, KAKENOV N, et al. Graphene-enabled electrically switchable radar-absorbing surfaces[J]. Nature Communications, 2015, 6: 6628.
21
 FANTE R L, MCCORMACK M T. Reflection properties of the salisbury screen[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 1988, 36(10): 1443–1454.
 CHAMBERS B. Optimum design of a Salisbury screen radarabsorber[J]. Electronics Letters, 1994, 30(16): 1353–1354.
 LI Q, LU J, GUPTA P, et al. Engineering optical absorption in graphene and other 2D materials: Advances and applications[J]. Advanced Optical Materials, 2019, 7(20): 1900595.
 CEN C L, CHEN Z Q, XU D Y, et al. High quality factor, high sensitivity metamaterial graphene—Perfect absorber based on critical coupling theory and impedance matching[J]. Nanomaterials, 2020, 10(1): 95.
 ZHANG Y, FENG Y J, ZHU B, et al. Switchable quarter-wave plate with graphene based metamaterial for broadband terahertz wave manipulation[J]. Optics Express, 2015, 23(21): 27230–27239.
 ZHANG J, LIU Z G, LU W B, et al. A low profile tunable microwave absorber based on graphene sandwich structure and high impedance surface[J]. International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, 2020, 30(2): e22022.
 ZHANG J, WEI X Z, RUKHLENKO I D, et al. Electrically tunable metasurface with independent frequency and amplitude modulations[J]. ACS Photonics, 2020, 7(1): 265–271.
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Table 1     Dynamically tunable properties of graphene-based materials[  BALCI O, POLAT E O, KAKENOV N, et al. Graphene-enabled electrically switchable radar-absorbing surfaces[J]. Nature Communications, 2015, 6: 6628.
21
 FANTE R L, MCCORMACK M T. Reflection properties of the salisbury screen[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 1988, 36(10): 1443–1454.
 CHAMBERS B. Optimum design of a Salisbury screen radarabsorber[J]. Electronics Letters, 1994, 30(16): 1353–1354.
 LI Q, LU J, GUPTA P, et al. Engineering optical absorption in graphene and other 2D materials: Advances and applications[J]. Advanced Optical Materials, 2019, 7(20): 1900595.
 CEN C L, CHEN Z Q, XU D Y, et al. High quality factor, high sensitivity metamaterial graphene—Perfect absorber based on critical coupling theory and impedance matching[J]. Nanomaterials, 2020, 10(1): 95.
 ZHANG Y, FENG Y J, ZHU B, et al. Switchable quarter-wave plate with graphene based metamaterial for broadband terahertz wave manipulation[J]. Optics Express, 2015, 23(21): 27230–27239.
 ZHANG J, LIU Z G, LU W B, et al. A low profile tunable microwave absorber based on graphene sandwich structure and high impedance surface[J]. International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, 2020, 30(2): e22022.
 ZHANG J, WEI X Z, RUKHLENKO I D, et al. Electrically tunable metasurface with independent frequency and amplitude modulations[J]. ACS Photonics, 2020, 7(1): 265–271.
34-40
]
调控效果 调控原理 幅度可调频带f/GHz 幅度可调范围/% 频率可调范围f/GHz 参考文献
窄带幅度 调控石墨烯表面电阻 10.5 40~99.99 [  BALCI O, POLAT E O, KAKENOV N, et al. Graphene-enabled electrically switchable radar-absorbing surfaces[J]. Nature Communications, 2015, 6: 6628.
21
]
调控石墨烯表面电阻 11.2 50~99.9 [  FANTE R L, MCCORMACK M T. Reflection properties of the salisbury screen[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 1988, 36(10): 1443–1454.
34
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调控石墨烯表面电阻 4 49.88~99.9 [  CHAMBERS B. Optimum design of a Salisbury screen radarabsorber[J]. Electronics Letters, 1994, 30(16): 1353–1354.
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调控石墨烯表面电阻 5.88 77.6~99.0 [  LI Q, LU J, GUPTA P, et al. Engineering optical absorption in graphene and other 2D materials: Advances and applications[J]. Advanced Optical Materials, 2019, 7(20): 1900595.
36
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窄带频率 设计石墨烯结构 13.9~16.4 [  GENG M Y, LIU Z G, WU W J, et al. A dynamically tunable microwave absorber based on graphene[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2020, 68(6): 4706–4713.
25
]
窄带幅度+窄带频率 表面电阻+结构协同设计 15.3 84~99.5 9.03~13 [  CEN C L, CHEN Z Q, XU D Y, et al. High quality factor, high sensitivity metamaterial graphene—Perfect absorber based on critical coupling theory and impedance matching[J]. Nanomaterials, 2020, 10(1): 95.
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10.51 63.69~99.99 9.88~10.51 [  ZHANG Y, FENG Y J, ZHU B, et al. Switchable quarter-wave plate with graphene based metamaterial for broadband terahertz wave manipulation[J]. Optics Express, 2015, 23(21): 27230–27239.
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宽带幅度 不同图案微元+控制石墨烯表面电阻 5~31 30~80 [  ZHANG J, LIU Z G, LU W B, et al. A low profile tunable microwave absorber based on graphene sandwich structure and high impedance surface[J]. International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, 2020, 30(2): e22022.
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频率选择表面+控制石墨烯表面电阻 3.3~16 71.82~96.45 [  ZHANG J, WEI X Z, RUKHLENKO I D, et al. Electrically tunable metasurface with independent frequency and amplitude modulations[J]. ACS Photonics, 2020, 7(1): 265–271.
40
]

1.2     吸收幅度动态调控

采用石墨烯构造Salisbury屏[  HUANG C, SONG J K, JI C, et al. Simultaneous control of absorbing frequency and amplitude using graphene capacitor and active frequency-selective surface[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2021, 69(3): 1793–1798.
 ZHANG J, SHAO L D, LI Z F, et al. Graphene-based optically transparent metasurface capable of dual-polarized modulation for electromagnetic stealth[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2022, 14(27): 31075–31084.
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,可实现吸收幅值的调控。该结构由金属背板、四分之一波长厚度的介质层和顶层电阻薄膜构成。当石墨烯表面电阻调控为与空气阻抗一致,且材料厚度为四分之一波长时,即可实现完美吸收[  GENG M Y, LIU Z G, CHEN H, et al. Flexible and dual-tunable radar absorber enabled by graphene[J]. Advanced Materials Technologies, 2022, 7(9): 2200028.
 XING B B, LIU Z G, LU W B, et al. Wideband microwave absorber with dynamically tunable absorption based on graphene and random metasurface[J]. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2019, 18(12): 2602–2606.
 SONG J K, HUANG C, YANG J N, et al. Broadband and tunable radar absorber based on graphene capacitor integrated with resistive frequency-selective surface[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2020, 68(3): 2446–2450.
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。通过偏置电压调控表面电阻偏离自由空间阻抗,可提供吸收幅值调控维度。在早期的动态可调电磁吸收材料设计中,Balci等[  BALCI O, POLAT E O, KAKENOV N, et al. Graphene-enabled electrically switchable radar-absorbing surfaces[J]. Nature Communications, 2015, 6: 6628.
21
]
设计了一种如图2(a)所示[  BALCI O, POLAT E O, KAKENOV N, et al. Graphene-enabled electrically switchable radar-absorbing surfaces[J]. Nature Communications, 2015, 6: 6628.
21
]
的石墨烯“三明治”结构,即在两层石墨烯电极中填充离子液体,底板为一层均匀的金属反射层,对石墨烯电极施加偏置电压,可以调控石墨烯的表面电阻。如图2(b)所示[  BALCI O, POLAT E O, KAKENOV N, et al. Graphene-enabled electrically switchable radar-absorbing surfaces[J]. Nature Communications, 2015, 6: 6628.
21
]
,在以10.5 GHz为中心的小范围内,实现了吸收率在约为40%~99.99%之间进行变化。Zhang等[  FANTE R L, MCCORMACK M T. Reflection properties of the salisbury screen[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 1988, 36(10): 1443–1454.
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同样设计了一种如图2(c)所示的基于石墨烯“三明治”结构的电磁吸收材料,区别是结构底板为周期性同心金属方形环,并大幅减少了材料厚度。通过理论证明并试验验证,在11.2 GHz为中心的小范围内,所提出的电磁吸收材料可以提供约45%~99.94%的吸收率动态调控范围。上述工作虽实现了吸收幅度的动态可调,但有效工作频带过窄,且未实现基于石墨烯的吸收频率可调。

图2     基于石墨烯的吸收幅度动态调控材料
Fig.2     Graphene-based materials for dynamic regulation of absorption amplitude

1.3     吸收幅度与吸收频率协同调控

通过构造图案化石墨烯结构,并对图案化石墨烯施加偏置电压,可以改变结构的等效电感[  JHA R, ENDRES M, WATANABE K, et al. Large tunable kinetic inductance in a twisted graphene superconductor[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2025, 134(21): 216001.
46
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和等效电容[  MAN B Y, XU S C, JIANG S Z, et al. Graphene-based flexible and transparent tunable capacitors[J]. Nanoscale Research Letters, 2015, 10(1): 279.
47
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的特性。通过调节偏置电压使阻抗匹配频率发生偏移,从而实现对吸收频率的调控。采用图案化的石墨烯“三明治”结构,Geng等[  GENG M Y, LIU Z G, WU W J, et al. A dynamically tunable microwave absorber based on graphene[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2020, 68(6): 4706–4713.
25
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实现了对谐振频率的调控。与均匀膜层不同,对图案化结构施加偏置电压,将引入对整个结构等效电感和等效电容的调控,改变满足阻抗匹配的频点,从而引起谐振频率的变化。经过试验验证,对该图案化石墨烯薄膜施加电压,所提出电磁吸收材料的吸收峰将从13.9 GHz逐渐移动到16.4 GHz,同时保持吸收峰值在90%以上。

通过石墨烯表面电阻的调控配合图案化结构的设计,可实现吸收幅值与频率的协同调控。基于石墨烯结构对吸收幅度、谐振频率的可调性,同样采用图案化石墨烯“三明治”结构,Zhang等[  CEN C L, CHEN Z Q, XU D Y, et al. High quality factor, high sensitivity metamaterial graphene—Perfect absorber based on critical coupling theory and impedance matching[J]. Nanomaterials, 2020, 10(1): 95.
37
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设计了一种如图3(a)所示的单层石墨烯“三明治”结构,在石墨烯表面引入周期性非对称结构,两条正交线偏振波表现出不同的电磁响应,使得通过一个器件即可对xy偏振独立调控,实现了吸收幅度与谐振频率的协同调控。如图3(b)所示[  CEN C L, CHEN Z Q, XU D Y, et al. High quality factor, high sensitivity metamaterial graphene—Perfect absorber based on critical coupling theory and impedance matching[J]. Nanomaterials, 2020, 10(1): 95.
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,随着对石墨烯结构施加的偏置电压从0升高到4 V,经过试验测量,在15.3 GHz频点为中心的小范围内,该结构在x偏振下的吸收率由约84%提升至约99.5%。在y偏振条件下,改变石墨烯表面电阻,将会改变整个结构输入阻抗虚部,如图3(c)所示[  CEN C L, CHEN Z Q, XU D Y, et al. High quality factor, high sensitivity metamaterial graphene—Perfect absorber based on critical coupling theory and impedance matching[J]. Nanomaterials, 2020, 10(1): 95.
37
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,经过试验测量,结构的谐振频率从9.03 GHz移动到了13 GHz。如图3(d)所示[  ZHANG Y, FENG Y J, ZHU B, et al. Switchable quarter-wave plate with graphene based metamaterial for broadband terahertz wave manipulation[J]. Optics Express, 2015, 23(21): 27230–27239.
38
]
,Geng等[  ZHANG Y, FENG Y J, ZHU B, et al. Switchable quarter-wave plate with graphene based metamaterial for broadband terahertz wave manipulation[J]. Optics Express, 2015, 23(21): 27230–27239.
38
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设计的双层石墨烯“三明治”结构也实现了吸收幅度与谐振频率的协同调控,结构包括一层均匀的石墨烯“三明治”结构和一层图案化石墨烯“三明治”结构。当对均匀结构施加偏置电压时,会使其表面电阻发生变化而不改变结构的等效电感和等效电容,因此,经过试验验证,对均匀石墨烯层施加0.1~3.5 V的偏置电压,实现了如图3(e)所示的[  ZHANG Y, FENG Y J, ZHU B, et al. Switchable quarter-wave plate with graphene based metamaterial for broadband terahertz wave manipulation[J]. Optics Express, 2015, 23(21): 27230–27239.
38
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,在10.51 GHz为中心的小范围内吸收率从约63.69%到约99.99%的变化;而对图案化石墨烯施加偏置电压,会改变该结构的等效电感和等效电容,从而改变其满足阻抗匹配条件的频点,因此,如图3(f)所示[  ZHANG Y, FENG Y J, ZHU B, et al. Switchable quarter-wave plate with graphene based metamaterial for broadband terahertz wave manipulation[J]. Optics Express, 2015, 23(21): 27230–27239.
38
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,对图案化石墨烯施加0~3.5 V的偏置电压,谐振频率将会从10.51 GHz向9.88 GHz移动。

图3     基于石墨烯的吸收幅度与吸收频率协同调控材料
Fig.3     Graphene-based materials with synergistic regulation of absorption amplitude and absorption frequency

1.4     宽频带吸收幅度动态调控

进一步优化结构特性,可以扩展吸收幅度调控带宽。Xing等[  ZHANG J, LIU Z G, LU W B, et al. A low profile tunable microwave absorber based on graphene sandwich structure and high impedance surface[J]. International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, 2020, 30(2): e22022.
39
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设计了一种如图4(a)所示的基于多层石墨烯结构的电磁吸收材料,打破了基于石墨烯对吸收幅度的动态调控只在窄频带的局限。该电磁吸收材料设计由不同图案的超材料微元组成,并随机分布在基底上,每个微元在不同频率处产生反射谷,这些反射谷相互重叠,从而展宽了吸收带宽。经过制造并测量,对多层石墨烯组成的电阻薄膜施加0~4 V的偏置电压,所提出的超材料实现了在5~31 GHz范围内平均吸收率从30%~80%的变化,如图4(b)所示[  ZHANG J, LIU Z G, LU W B, et al. A low profile tunable microwave absorber based on graphene sandwich structure and high impedance surface[J]. International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, 2020, 30(2): e22022.
39
]
,达到了26 GHz的工作带宽。如图4(c)所示[  ZHANG J, WEI X Z, RUKHLENKO I D, et al. Electrically tunable metasurface with independent frequency and amplitude modulations[J]. ACS Photonics, 2020, 7(1): 265–271.
40
]
,Song等[  ZHANG J, WEI X Z, RUKHLENKO I D, et al. Electrically tunable metasurface with independent frequency and amplitude modulations[J]. ACS Photonics, 2020, 7(1): 265–271.
40
]
将石墨烯电容器和电阻性频率选择表面组合,也实现了吸收幅度的宽带调控。单独的石墨烯电容器在高电阻状态下会在约4.5 GHz和14.5 GHz处产生两个窄带吸收点;而仅有电阻性频率选择表面时则在4.5~12.5 GHz区间形成一个较宽的反射谷。将二者结合后,这些谐振吸收带相互叠加,同样实现了宽带吸收。对其施加–3~3 V的偏置电压并测量电磁响应特性,电磁吸收材料在3.3~16 GHz内实现了71.82%~96.45%的平均吸收率宽带动态调控,工作带宽达到了12.7 GHz。通过超材料单元的异构化,即在超表面上加载不同的微元结构,调整每个微元的结构来覆盖不同频段,可以实现宽带吸收。Ekmekci等[  EKMEKCI E, TOPALLI K, AKIN T, et al. A tunable multi-band metamaterial design using micro-split SRR structures[J]. Optics Express, 2009, 17(18): 16046–16058.
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利用不同比例的微裂分结构(micro-split SRR),并在同一个超表面阵列中混合不同单元类型,成功实现多个独立的谐振频段。在未来的研究中,将超材料单元的异构化与动态调控方法结合,有望进一步扩展调控带宽,实现超宽带动态可调电磁吸收材料。

图4     基于石墨烯的宽频带吸收幅度调控材料
Fig.4     Graphene-based broadband absorption amplitude control materials

在众多调控策略中,虽然基于石墨烯的动态调控电磁吸收材料已经在较宽的频带内实现了较深的吸收幅度调控能力和谐振频率调节性能,但受限于石墨烯卷材的尺寸和成本,目前的工作仍然停留在试验阶段,所制备的样件成本较高、尺寸较小,尚未面向实际应用。但二极管是一种成本较低的电子器件,基于二极管的动态调控电磁吸收材料可以在一定程度上解决原材料的成本问题。

2     基于二极管的动态调控电磁吸收材料

2.1     二极管电磁吸收动态调控机理

利用对PIN二极管[  GUPTA K M, GUPTA N. Different types of diodes, ideal and real diodes, switching diodes, abrupt and graded junctions[M]//Advanced Semiconducting Materials and Devices. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016: 235–259.
49
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和变容二极管[  GUPTA K M, GUPTA N. Microwave diodes (varactor diode, PIN diode, IMPATT diode, TRAPATT diode, BARITT diode, etc.)[M]//Advanced Semiconducting Materials and Devices. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016: 285–309.
 STRAELHI C, BOUVET J V, GORAL D. PIN and varactor diodes[M]//The Microwave Engineering Handbook. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993: 183–212.
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施加偏置电压,可调控其等效电阻和等效电容,从而改变结构阻抗匹配条件的特性,可实现基于二极管对吸收幅度、吸收频率的动态调控。其中,PIN二极管主要用来调控电阻特性,可被视为一个阻值随偏置电压变化而变化的可变电阻,其等效电阻可以表示为[  HILLER G. Design with PIN diodes, application note AG312[R]. Lowell: M/A-COM Technology Solutions Inc.
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RP(IF)=W2(μn+μp) · IF · τ
(4)

式中,W为本征区宽度;μn为电子迁移率;μp为空穴迁移率;IF为正向偏置电流;τ为载流子寿命。对PIN二极管施加正向偏置电压使得正向偏置电流增大,等效电阻随之降低,PIN二极管就由关断状态逐渐转为导通状态。利用变容二极管的等效电容在反向偏置下对电压极度敏感的特性,其等效电容可以描述为[  WILLIAMS J, BEEBE D. Low noise varactor biasing with switching regulators[M]//Analog Circuit Design. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2013: 683–705.
53
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Cj(Vr)=Cj0(1+Vr/φ)N
(5)

式中,Cj0为零偏电容;Vr为外加偏置电压;φ为接触电势;N为指数因子。因此,通过外加偏置电压,可以实现对超材料等效电容的连续调控。对PIN二极管和变容二极管施加偏置电压,可以分别控制二极管的等效电阻和等效电容,从而影响结构的等效阻抗。因此,加载了PIN二极管或变容二极管的结构,可以通过施加偏置电压,实现对吸收幅度或谐振频率的动态调控[  MEGH SAINADH P, GHOSH S. A multifunctional reconfigurable frequency-selective surface with simultaneous switching and tuning capability[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2024, 72(10): 7700–7709.
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表2[  MALAGONI BUIATTI G, CAPPELLUTI F, GHIONE G. Physics-based PiN diode SPICE model for power-circuit simulation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2007, 43(4): 911–919.
 YOO M, LIM S. Active metasurface for controlling reflection and absorption properties[J]. Applied Physics Express, 2014, 7(11): 112204.
 ZHU B, FENG Y J, ZHAO J M, et al. Switchable metamaterial reflector/absorber for different polarized electromagnetic waves[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2010, 97(5): 051906.
 ZHENG Y L, CHEN K, JIANG T, et al. Ultrathin L-band microwave tunable metamaterial absorber[C]//2019 IEEE MTT-S International Wireless Symposium (IWS). May 19-22, 2019, Guangzhou, China. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2019: 1–3.
 ZHU B, HUANG C, FENG Y J, et al. Dual band switchable metamaterial electromagnetic absorber[J]. Progress in Electromagnetics Research B, 2010, 24: 121–129.
 ZHANG Y L, CAO Z W, HUANG Z, et al. Ultrabroadband double-sided and dual-tuned active absorber for UHF band[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2021, 69(2): 1204–1208.
 LI J L, JIANG J J, HE Y, et al. Design of a tunable low-frequency and broadband radar absorber based on active frequency selective surface[J]. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2016, 15: 774–777.
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总结了其相应的调控手段和性能指标。

表2     基于二极管的动态调控性能[  YOO M, LIM S. Active metasurface for controlling reflection and absorption properties[J]. Applied Physics Express, 2014, 7(11): 112204.
 ZHU B, FENG Y J, ZHAO J M, et al. Switchable metamaterial reflector/absorber for different polarized electromagnetic waves[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2010, 97(5): 051906.
 ZHENG Y L, CHEN K, JIANG T, et al. Ultrathin L-band microwave tunable metamaterial absorber[C]//2019 IEEE MTT-S International Wireless Symposium (IWS). May 19-22, 2019, Guangzhou, China. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2019: 1–3.
 ZHU B, HUANG C, FENG Y J, et al. Dual band switchable metamaterial electromagnetic absorber[J]. Progress in Electromagnetics Research B, 2010, 24: 121–129.
 ZHANG Y L, CAO Z W, HUANG Z, et al. Ultrabroadband double-sided and dual-tuned active absorber for UHF band[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2021, 69(2): 1204–1208.
 LI J L, JIANG J J, HE Y, et al. Design of a tunable low-frequency and broadband radar absorber based on active frequency selective surface[J]. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2016, 15: 774–777.
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Table 2     Dynamically tunable properties of diode-based materials[  YOO M, LIM S. Active metasurface for controlling reflection and absorption properties[J]. Applied Physics Express, 2014, 7(11): 112204.
 ZHU B, FENG Y J, ZHAO J M, et al. Switchable metamaterial reflector/absorber for different polarized electromagnetic waves[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2010, 97(5): 051906.
 ZHENG Y L, CHEN K, JIANG T, et al. Ultrathin L-band microwave tunable metamaterial absorber[C]//2019 IEEE MTT-S International Wireless Symposium (IWS). May 19-22, 2019, Guangzhou, China. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2019: 1–3.
 ZHU B, HUANG C, FENG Y J, et al. Dual band switchable metamaterial electromagnetic absorber[J]. Progress in Electromagnetics Research B, 2010, 24: 121–129.
 ZHANG Y L, CAO Z W, HUANG Z, et al. Ultrabroadband double-sided and dual-tuned active absorber for UHF band[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2021, 69(2): 1204–1208.
 LI J L, JIANG J J, HE Y, et al. Design of a tunable low-frequency and broadband radar absorber based on active frequency selective surface[J]. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2016, 15: 774–777.
56-61
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调控效果 调控原理 幅度可调频带f/GHz 幅度可调范围/% 频率可调范围f/GHz 参考文献
窄带幅度 改变PIN二极管等效电阻 10.972 6.2~99.4 [  MALAGONI BUIATTI G, CAPPELLUTI F, GHIONE G. Physics-based PiN diode SPICE model for power-circuit simulation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2007, 43(4): 911–919.
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3.34 5~99 [  YOO M, LIM S. Active metasurface for controlling reflection and absorption properties[J]. Applied Physics Express, 2014, 7(11): 112204.
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窄带频率 改变变容二极管等效电容 1.26~1.67 [  ZHU B, FENG Y J, ZHAO J M, et al. Switchable metamaterial reflector/absorber for different polarized electromagnetic waves[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2010, 97(5): 051906.
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改变PIN二极管等效电阻 2.56~2.94 [  ZHENG Y L, CHEN K, JIANG T, et al. Ultrathin L-band microwave tunable metamaterial absorber[C]//2019 IEEE MTT-S International Wireless Symposium (IWS). May 19-22, 2019, Guangzhou, China. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2019: 1–3.
58
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窄带幅度+窄带频率 协同调控PIN二极管、变容二极管 1~2.5 85~95 0.45~0.8 [  ZHU B, HUANG C, FENG Y J, et al. Dual band switchable metamaterial electromagnetic absorber[J]. Progress in Electromagnetics Research B, 2010, 24: 121–129.
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宽带幅度 频率选择表面+调控PIN二极管电阻 2~11.3 37~90 [  ZHANG Y L, CAO Z W, HUANG Z, et al. Ultrabroadband double-sided and dual-tuned active absorber for UHF band[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2021, 69(2): 1204–1208.
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优化贴片结构+调控PIN二极管电阻 8.5~18.2 15~90 [  LI J L, JIANG J J, HE Y, et al. Design of a tunable low-frequency and broadband radar absorber based on active frequency selective surface[J]. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2016, 15: 774–777.
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2.2     吸收幅度动态调控

通过PIN二极管实现电磁波吸收幅度的动态调控,通常需要将PIN二极管置于超材料谐振单元的关键电流通路上[  ZHAO B, HUANG C, YANG J N, et al. Broadband polarization-insensitive tunable absorber using active frequency selective surface[J]. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2020, 19(6): 982–986.
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,通过电压调整二极管的等效电阻,以调整谐振单元的阻抗匹配,实现吸收幅度的动态调控。如图5(a)所示[  MALAGONI BUIATTI G, CAPPELLUTI F, GHIONE G. Physics-based PiN diode SPICE model for power-circuit simulation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2007, 43(4): 911–919.
55
]
,Yoo等[  MALAGONI BUIATTI G, CAPPELLUTI F, GHIONE G. Physics-based PiN diode SPICE model for power-circuit simulation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2007, 43(4): 911–919.
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设计了一种在单一的开口环谐振器中央导线上加载PIN二极管的超表面,在PIN二极管上施加偏置电压,转换二极管的开关状态。经过试验验证,实现了如图5(b)所示[  MALAGONI BUIATTI G, CAPPELLUTI F, GHIONE G. Physics-based PiN diode SPICE model for power-circuit simulation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2007, 43(4): 911–919.
55
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的中心频率在10.972 GHz处吸收率离散从约6.2%~99.4%的变化,在吸收模式下还实现了>90%吸收率的6.09%的相对带宽,但此方法对吸收率的调控过于局限,只能在窄频带的两种离散状态之间转换。基于偏置电压可以控制PIN二极管等效电阻的原理,Zhu等[  YOO M, LIM S. Active metasurface for controlling reflection and absorption properties[J]. Applied Physics Express, 2014, 7(11): 112204.
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设计了一种如图5(c)所示的加载PIN二极管的交叉谐振器超表面,可以通过控制偏置电压的大小,从而连续调控吸收幅度变化的电磁吸收材料。经过数值模拟和微波测量验证,对PIN二极管施加0~0.75 V的偏置电压,如图5(d)所示[  YOO M, LIM S. Active metasurface for controlling reflection and absorption properties[J]. Applied Physics Express, 2014, 7(11): 112204.
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,可以实现中心频率为3.34 GHz处的吸收率从约99%到约5%的连续变化。该结构虽实现了吸收率的连续调控,但适用频带相对较窄。

图5     基于二极管的吸收幅度动态调控材料
Fig.5     Diode-based absorption amplitude dynamic control material

2.3     吸收频率动态调控

利用变容二极管等效电容对偏置电压十分敏感的特性,通过控制电路中的等效电容,可以实现基于二极管对吸收频率的动态调控。如图6(a)所示[  ZHU B, FENG Y J, ZHAO J M, et al. Switchable metamaterial reflector/absorber for different polarized electromagnetic waves[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2010, 97(5): 051906.
57
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,Zheng等[  ZHU B, FENG Y J, ZHAO J M, et al. Switchable metamaterial reflector/absorber for different polarized electromagnetic waves[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2010, 97(5): 051906.
57
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设计了一种在铜质方环两侧各加载一个变容二极管的顶层谐振器,并在顶层谐振器与底层铜质金属层之间加入FR4作为介质基板层,采用了经典的“三明治”结构。设计的结构实现了覆盖L波段的谐振频率动态可调,同时可以平滑调控吸收峰的位置。如图6(b)所示[  ZHU B, FENG Y J, ZHAO J M, et al. Switchable metamaterial reflector/absorber for different polarized electromagnetic waves[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2010, 97(5): 051906.
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,对设计的结构施加0~10 V的偏置电压,二极管等效电容会从2.4 pF降低到0.5 pF。不同的等效电容会产生结构不同的谐振频率,经过试验测量,相应的吸收峰发生如图6(c)[  ZHU B, FENG Y J, ZHAO J M, et al. Switchable metamaterial reflector/absorber for different polarized electromagnetic waves[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2010, 97(5): 051906.
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中的平滑移动,从1.26 GHz移动到1.67 GHz,并且吸收率均高于90%。但是,目前基于二极管实现的谐振频率可调,仍存在可调频带较窄的局限性,结构在实际场景中仍难以应用。

图6     基于二极管的吸收频率动态调控材料
Fig.6     Diode-based absorption frequency dynamic control materials

此外,还可以通过协同设计谐振器结构和PIN二极管的分布,实现对谐振频率的调控。如图6(d)所示[  ZHENG Y L, CHEN K, JIANG T, et al. Ultrathin L-band microwave tunable metamaterial absorber[C]//2019 IEEE MTT-S International Wireless Symposium (IWS). May 19-22, 2019, Guangzhou, China. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2019: 1–3.
58
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,Zhu等[  ZHENG Y L, CHEN K, JIANG T, et al. Ultrathin L-band microwave tunable metamaterial absorber[C]//2019 IEEE MTT-S International Wireless Symposium (IWS). May 19-22, 2019, Guangzhou, China. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2019: 1–3.
58
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将PIN二极管连接在两个电磁谐振器之间,通过正向偏置和反向偏置改变PIN二极管的等效电阻,使二极管的开关状态发生变化,实现了谐振频率的移动。如图6(e)所示[  ZHENG Y L, CHEN K, JIANG T, et al. Ultrathin L-band microwave tunable metamaterial absorber[C]//2019 IEEE MTT-S International Wireless Symposium (IWS). May 19-22, 2019, Guangzhou, China. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE, 2019: 1–3.
58
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,经过试验测量,当二极管相对于中心位置的偏移量为0时,正向偏置吸收峰位于2.94 GHz处,反向偏置吸收峰位于2.56 GHz处;偏移量为8 mm时,正向偏置吸收峰位于2.82 GHz处,反向偏置吸收峰位于2.58 GHz处;偏移量为16 mm时,正向偏置吸收峰位于2.71 GHz处,反向偏置吸收峰位于2.65 GHz处。通过调整二极管的偏移量,还可以灵活控制两吸收峰之间的频率差。

2.4     吸收幅度与吸收频率协同调控

同时利用PIN二极管的等效电阻可调性和变容二极管的等效电容可调性,可以实现基于二极管对吸收幅度和吸收频率的协同调控。Zhang等[  ZHU B, HUANG C, FENG Y J, et al. Dual band switchable metamaterial electromagnetic absorber[J]. Progress in Electromagnetics Research B, 2010, 24: 121–129.
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提出了一种如图7(a)所示的双面分层结构,在超材料结构上层设置PIN二极管,在下层设置变容二极管。实现了吸收幅度和谐振频率在窄带范围内的协同调控。如图7(b)所示[  ZHU B, HUANG C, FENG Y J, et al. Dual band switchable metamaterial electromagnetic absorber[J]. Progress in Electromagnetics Research B, 2010, 24: 121–129.
59
]
,通过控制施加在样件变容二极管上的偏置电压调控等效电容,低频带的谐振频率可以从0.45 GHz移动到0.8 GHz;当变容二极管等效电容固定在0.6 pF时,调控施加在样件PIN二极管上的偏置电压,随着PIN二极管正向偏置电压从16.0 V增大到17.5 V,超材料的平均吸收率在1~2.5 GHz范围内由约95%下降到约85%。同时,由于高频段与低频段的吸收峰连续覆盖,所设计的结构还在0.4~2.5 GHz范围内形成了大于90%的吸收率。但所设计的结构在工作带宽上仍过窄,对吸收率幅度的调控并未实现宽频稳定调控。

图7     基于二极管的吸收幅度与吸收频率协同调控材料
Fig.7     Material based on diode absorption amplitude and absorption frequency synergistic regulation

2.5     宽频带吸收幅度动态调控

对超表面结构进行进一步优化,可进一步拓展电磁动态调控带宽。如图8(a)[  ZHANG Y L, CAO Z W, HUANG Z, et al. Ultrabroadband double-sided and dual-tuned active absorber for UHF band[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2021, 69(2): 1204–1208.
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所示,Li等[  ZHANG Y L, CAO Z W, HUANG Z, et al. Ultrabroadband double-sided and dual-tuned active absorber for UHF band[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2021, 69(2): 1204–1208.
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将加载PIN二极管的频率选择表面与平行电容相结合,使基于二极管的宽频带电磁吸收成为可能。所设计的结构采用对称双半圆偶极子单元,偶极臂中并联有不同阻值的电阻,阻值的变化产生了多个谐振峰,且整体吸收率高于90%,为宽带吸收实现了基础条件。同时,在原有的谐振电容两端额外并联一个小电容,会使低频峰发生蓝移,高频峰发生红移,从而进一步展宽吸收带宽。对加载PIN二极管的频率选择表面施加0~0.95 V的偏置电压,在无偏置状态时,结构表现为强反射,吸收率极低;在0.58~0.72 V的中等偏置电压下,反射率大幅降低,平均吸收率超过90%;在0.95 V的高偏置电压下,结构再次表现出强反射特性,只在2.4 GHz处小范围内形成了单吸收峰。通过施加偏压,整体结构实现了在2~11.3 GHz内吸收率大于90%的宽带吸收,得到的试验结果与仿真结果高度吻合。

图8     基于二极管的宽频带吸收幅度调控材料
Fig.8     Diode-based broadband absorption amplitude control materials

Zhao等[  LI J L, JIANG J J, HE Y, et al. Design of a tunable low-frequency and broadband radar absorber based on active frequency selective surface[J]. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2016, 15: 774–777.
61
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基于加载PIN二极管的主动频率选择表面,设计了一种如图8(b)所示的能实现宽频带吸收幅度动态调控的结构。在频率选择表面上,4个金属贴片沿水平和垂直对称排列,并在相邻贴片之间加载PIN二极管,对PIN二极管施加偏置电压可以改变频率选择表面的等效电阻,实现对吸收幅度的调控。进一步优化结构,通过将4个金属贴片的角改为弧形,随着圆弧半径的增加,相邻两个金属贴片之间的等效电容略微降低,主谐振峰更紧密重叠,从而有效提高了吸收幅度调控的工作带宽。如图8(c)所示[  LI J L, JIANG J J, HE Y, et al. Design of a tunable low-frequency and broadband radar absorber based on active frequency selective surface[J]. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2016, 15: 774–777.
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,在8.5~18.2 GHz频段,随着偏置电压从–1 V增加到0.68 V,样品的平均吸收率由不足15%提升到超过90%;当偏置继续升至0.89 V时,吸收率又回落至约70%。这两种展宽工作带宽的方式都依赖于谐振峰重叠,在调控性能上,前者的调控策略偏向于“开关”式调控,打破了吸收幅度可调频带过窄的局限,在无偏置或高偏置下表现出较低的吸收率,在中等偏置条件下吸收率较高且较稳定地保持在约90%;后者偏向于可控吸收幅度的逐级精细调控,扩大了吸收率幅度动态可调的范围。

随着技术的发展,经设计的二极管电磁吸收材料在宽频段内表现出了较强的频率、幅度调控能力,但随着二极管超表面尺寸的增加,其电路复杂度也随之大幅度增加,m2级别的电磁吸收材料需连接上万根导线至偏压电路,布线复杂且系统稳定性差。随着电路系统复杂性的提高,对光刻、蚀刻、封装等加工技术提出了更高的要求,进一步增加了成本。同时,PIN二极管作为一种微波限流器,在高功率微波照射下易发生热烧毁失效[  WANG H Y, ZOU H, ZHOU Y H, et al. Electro-thermal coupled modeling of PIN diode limiter used in high-power microwave effects simulation[J]. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, 2015, 29(5): 615–625.
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,导致二极管超材料的耐候性降低。目前,基于二极管的动态调控电磁吸收材料的研究过少且还停留在试验阶段,并未实际应用。石墨烯与二极管这类电控材料虽在响应速度与精细调节上占优[  JIANG H X, SHENG L L, LUO Y M, et al. Design of tunable broadband graphene-based metasurface with amplitude-phase modulation[J]. Materials, 2023, 16(13): 4633.
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,但都难以大面积制造。而流体体系则凭借其本征的高介电损耗、可配置性和较低的成本展现出独到优势。

3     基于流体的动态调控电磁吸收材料

水是一种在微波波段具有高介电损耗的介质[  ULABY F T, JEDLICKA R P. Microwave dielectric properties of plant materials[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 1984, GE–22(4): 406–415.
 ELLISON W J, LAMKAOUCHI K, MOREAU J M. Water: A dielectric reference[J]. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 1996, 68(2–3): 171–279.
 VIJAY R, JAIN R, SHARMA K. Dielectric properties of water at microwave frequencies[J]. Int J Eng Res Technol, 2014, 3(3): 312-317.
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,水基电磁吸收材料在微波波段具有出色的电磁吸收性能。并且,水基电磁吸收材料为吸收幅度、频率的动态调控引入了新维度[  WEN J D, ZHAO Q, PENG R G, et al. Progress in water-based metamaterial absorbers: A review[J]. Optical Materials Express, 2022, 12(4): 1461–1479.
68
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,一方面,借助水的流动性,控制水谐振腔中的注水量[  ZHANG Y Q, DONG H X, MOU N L, et al. Tunable and transparent broadband metamaterial absorber with water-based substrate for optical window applications[J]. Nanoscale, 2021, 13(16): 7831–7837.
 SONG Q H, ZHANG W, WU P C, et al. Water-resonator-based metasurface: An ultrabroadband and near-unity absorption[J]. Advanced Optical Materials, 2017, 5(8): 1601103.
69-70
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,或旋转固定形状的水基电磁谐振结构[  ODIT M, KAPITANOVA P, ANDRYIEUSKI A, et al. Experimental demonstration of water based tunable metasurface[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2016, 109: 011901.
 ANDRYIEUSKI A, KUZNETSOVA S M, ZHUKOVSKY S V, et al. Water: Promising opportunities for tunable all-dielectric electromagnetic metamaterials[J]. Scientific Reports, 2015, 5: 13535.
71-72
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,可实现电磁吸收特性的动态可调;另一方面,对于固定形状的水谐振器,通过调控水的温度[  ANDRYIEUSKI A, KUZNETSOVA S M, ZHUKOVSKY S V, et al. Water: Promising opportunities for tunable all-dielectric electromagnetic metamaterials[J]. Scientific Reports, 2015, 5: 13535.
 ZHONG M, JIANG X T, ZHU X L, et al. Modulation of a dual-band metamaterial absorber in the terahertz band[J]. Physica Scripta, 2020, 95(5): 055504.
72-73
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、溶液的组分[  WEN J D, REN Q, PENG R G, et al. Multi-functional tunable ultra-broadband water-based metasurface absorber with high reconfigurability[J]. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2022, 55(28): 285103.
 YANG F L, WANG D Y, ZHU X Q, et al. Ionic liquids-based reconfigurable frequency selective rasorber with thermally tunable absorption band[J]. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2025, 27(5): 2401421.
74-75
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可以改变液体的介电常数,从而调控结构的等效电磁参数,实现对电磁吸收性能的动态调控,表3[  SONG Q H, ZHANG W, WU P C, et al. Water-resonator-based metasurface: An ultrabroadband and near-unity absorption[J]. Advanced Optical Materials, 2017, 5(8): 1601103.
70
 ANDRYIEUSKI A, KUZNETSOVA S M, ZHUKOVSKY S V, et al. Water: Promising opportunities for tunable all-dielectric electromagnetic metamaterials[J]. Scientific Reports, 2015, 5: 13535.
72
 WEN J D, REN Q, PENG R G, et al. Multi-functional tunable ultra-broadband water-based metasurface absorber with high reconfigurability[J]. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2022, 55(28): 285103.
74
 LAN H P, GE J H, LI D, et al. Transparent and tunable radar-infrared bi-stealth metamaterial based on water and metallic mesh for optical window applications[J]. Advanced Materials Technologies, 2025, 10(15): 2500265.
 PANG H X, FENG A C, YOU Y X, et al. Design of novel energy harvesting device based on water flow manipulation[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2022, 34(9): 093609.
 WU Z, CHEN X Q, ZHANG Z L, et al. Design and optimization of a flexible water-based microwave absorbing metamaterial[J]. Applied Physics Express, 2019, 12(5): 057003.
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总结了其相应的调控手段和性能指标。同时,由于水本身无毒、无污染,易获取,便于大规模应用和生产。因此,水基超材料在雷达隐身[  LI S R, CHENG H Y, LIANG J Y, et al. Visibly transparent tunable water-based metamaterial for microwave-infrared camouflage[J]. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2025, 73(9): 6122–6128.
79
]
、能量收集[  AKERLOF G. Dielectric constants of some organic solvent-water mixtures at various temperatures[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1932, 54(11): 4125–4139.
80
]
、辐射防护[  HARRIS F E, O’KONSKI C T. Dielectric properties of aqueous ionic solutions at microwave frequencies[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1957, 61(3): 310–319.
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等领域具有广阔的应用前景。

表3     基于液体的动态调控性能[  SONG Q H, ZHANG W, WU P C, et al. Water-resonator-based metasurface: An ultrabroadband and near-unity absorption[J]. Advanced Optical Materials, 2017, 5(8): 1601103.
70
 ANDRYIEUSKI A, KUZNETSOVA S M, ZHUKOVSKY S V, et al. Water: Promising opportunities for tunable all-dielectric electromagnetic metamaterials[J]. Scientific Reports, 2015, 5: 13535.
72
 WEN J D, REN Q, PENG R G, et al. Multi-functional tunable ultra-broadband water-based metasurface absorber with high reconfigurability[J]. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2022, 55(28): 285103.
74
 LAN H P, GE J H, LI D, et al. Transparent and tunable radar-infrared bi-stealth metamaterial based on water and metallic mesh for optical window applications[J]. Advanced Materials Technologies, 2025, 10(15): 2500265.
 PANG H X, FENG A C, YOU Y X, et al. Design of novel energy harvesting device based on water flow manipulation[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2022, 34(9): 093609.
 WU Z, CHEN X Q, ZHANG Z L, et al. Design and optimization of a flexible water-based microwave absorbing metamaterial[J]. Applied Physics Express, 2019, 12(5): 057003.
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]
Table 3     Dynamically tunable properties of liquid-based materials[  SONG Q H, ZHANG W, WU P C, et al. Water-resonator-based metasurface: An ultrabroadband and near-unity absorption[J]. Advanced Optical Materials, 2017, 5(8): 1601103.
70
 ANDRYIEUSKI A, KUZNETSOVA S M, ZHUKOVSKY S V, et al. Water: Promising opportunities for tunable all-dielectric electromagnetic metamaterials[J]. Scientific Reports, 2015, 5: 13535.
72
 WEN J D, REN Q, PENG R G, et al. Multi-functional tunable ultra-broadband water-based metasurface absorber with high reconfigurability[J]. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2022, 55(28): 285103.
74
 LAN H P, GE J H, LI D, et al. Transparent and tunable radar-infrared bi-stealth metamaterial based on water and metallic mesh for optical window applications[J]. Advanced Materials Technologies, 2025, 10(15): 2500265.
 PANG H X, FENG A C, YOU Y X, et al. Design of novel energy harvesting device based on water flow manipulation[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2022, 34(9): 093609.
 WU Z, CHEN X Q, ZHANG Z L, et al. Design and optimization of a flexible water-based microwave absorbing metamaterial[J]. Applied Physics Express, 2019, 12(5): 057003.
76-78
]
调控方式 调控效果 调控原理 幅度可调频带f/GHz 幅度可调范围/% 频率可调范围f/GHz 参考文献
基于流动性 宽带幅度 多层谐振结构+调控注水量 10~28.2 80~95 [  LAN H P, GE J H, LI D, et al. Transparent and tunable radar-infrared bi-stealth metamaterial based on water and metallic mesh for optical window applications[J]. Advanced Materials Technologies, 2025, 10(15): 2500265.
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窄带频率 调控注水量 15-20 [  SONG Q H, ZHANG W, WU P C, et al. Water-resonator-based metasurface: An ultrabroadband and near-unity absorption[J]. Advanced Optical Materials, 2017, 5(8): 1601103.
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窄带频率 调控旋转角度 0.97~1.25 [  ANDRYIEUSKI A, KUZNETSOVA S M, ZHUKOVSKY S V, et al. Water: Promising opportunities for tunable all-dielectric electromagnetic metamaterials[J]. Scientific Reports, 2015, 5: 13535.
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基于温度 窄带幅度 改变水温 0.76 2~50 [  ANDRYIEUSKI A, KUZNETSOVA S M, ZHUKOVSKY S V, et al. Water: Promising opportunities for tunable all-dielectric electromagnetic metamaterials[J]. Scientific Reports, 2015, 5: 13535.
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窄带幅度 3~8 50~85 [  PANG H X, FENG A C, YOU Y X, et al. Design of novel energy harvesting device based on water flow manipulation[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2022, 34(9): 093609.
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基于溶液组分 窄带幅度 掺杂不同介电常数的溶液 4~8 70~90 [  WEN J D, REN Q, PENG R G, et al. Multi-functional tunable ultra-broadband water-based metasurface absorber with high reconfigurability[J]. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2022, 55(28): 285103.
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窄带幅度 3.3~5.9 60~95 [  WU Z, CHEN X Q, ZHANG Z L, et al. Design and optimization of a flexible water-based microwave absorbing metamaterial[J]. Applied Physics Express, 2019, 12(5): 057003.
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宽带幅度 20~40 10~95 [  SONG Q H, ZHANG W, WU P C, et al. Water-resonator-based metasurface: An ultrabroadband and near-unity absorption[J]. Advanced Optical Materials, 2017, 5(8): 1601103.
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3.1     基于流动性调控

由于水的流动性,水基电磁吸收材料具有独特的调谐方法。目前,已有的基于水的流动性调控电磁性能的方法主要有两种:(1)通过水管或微流体系统控制结构中的含水量;(2)在水基谐振器中保留部分空间,通过重力控制谐振器中水的分布。

采用控制结构含水量的方法,在不含水的腔体中注水,Li等[  LAN H P, GE J H, LI D, et al. Transparent and tunable radar-infrared bi-stealth metamaterial based on water and metallic mesh for optical window applications[J]. Advanced Materials Technologies, 2025, 10(15): 2500265.
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设计了一种如图9(a)所示的透明动态可调水基电磁吸收材料,由于水在微波下具有强介电损耗,增加水层后结构的介电损耗增强,从而实现了吸收幅度的动态调控。试验测量表明,随着水的加入,如图9(b)所示[  LAN H P, GE J H, LI D, et al. Transparent and tunable radar-infrared bi-stealth metamaterial based on water and metallic mesh for optical window applications[J]. Advanced Materials Technologies, 2025, 10(15): 2500265.
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,在10~28.2 GHz范围内,结构的平均吸收率从约80%上升至约95%。同样采用控制结构含水量的方法,在柔性薄膜腔体中注满水后继续注水,柔性薄膜因水压升高发生弹性形变,如Song等[  SONG Q H, ZHANG W, WU P C, et al. Water-resonator-based metasurface: An ultrabroadband and near-unity absorption[J]. Advanced Optical Materials, 2017, 5(8): 1601103.
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设计了一种将水球面腔置于PDMS夹层中的结构(图9(c)),并贴合金属底板。向储槽中注水,水谐振腔高度从0.4 mm增至1.2 mm,导致谐振腔的有效共振长度变大,而谐振频率与谐振腔的有效共振长度成反比。因此,谐振腔升高会导致谐振频率降低,所设计结构的低频吸收峰发生如图9(d)[  SONG Q H, ZHANG W, WU P C, et al. Water-resonator-based metasurface: An ultrabroadband and near-unity absorption[J]. Advanced Optical Materials, 2017, 5(8): 1601103.
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所示的由约20 GHz向约15 GHz显著红移。除了改变水层的厚度,Andryieuski等[  ANDRYIEUSKI A, KUZNETSOVA S M, ZHUKOVSKY S V, et al. Water: Promising opportunities for tunable all-dielectric electromagnetic metamaterials[J]. Scientific Reports, 2015, 5: 13535.
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利用水在容器中因重力而自动分布的特性,将含水容器旋转从而连续调控超材料电磁响应,当旋转角从0°到90°变化时,液体截面趋于“细长”,液体的横截面面积变小,有效共振长度变大。如图9(e)所示[  ANDRYIEUSKI A, KUZNETSOVA S M, ZHUKOVSKY S V, et al. Water: Promising opportunities for tunable all-dielectric electromagnetic metamaterials[J]. Scientific Reports, 2015, 5: 13535.
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,谐振频率因此从约1.25 GHz平稳下移至约0.97 GHz,实现了超材料在谐振频率上的连续调谐。

图9     基于流动性调控的水基超材料
Fig.9     Water-based metamaterials based on fluidity regulation

3.2     基于温度和溶液组分的动态调控机理

通过调整水温[  QI D D, ZHANG C, WU S, et al. Ultra-broadband and reconfigurable liquid-based microwave metasurface absorber[J]. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2024, 26(21): 2401121.
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或改变水溶液的组分[  HASTED J B, EL SABEH S H M. The dielectric properties of water in solutions[J]. Transactions of the Faraday Society, 1953, 49: 1003–1011.
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,可以导致水的介电常数发生剧烈变化。水的介电常数可以用Debye关系式表示为[  WEN J D, ZHAO Q, PENG R G, et al. Progress in water-based metamaterial absorbers: A review[J]. Optical Materials Express, 2022, 12(4): 1461–1479.
68
 WU Z, CHEN X Q, ZHANG Z L, et al. Design and optimization of a flexible water-based microwave absorbing metamaterial[J]. Applied Physics Express, 2019, 12(5): 057003.
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ε=ε+εsε1jωτ
(6)

ε(ω)=ε+εsε1+(ωτ)2ε(ω)=(εsε)ωτ1+(ωτ)2
(7)

式中,ε′为介电常数实部;ε″为介电常数虚部;ω为角频率;εs为静态介电常数;ε为高频极限介电常数;τ为弛豫时间。纯水的损耗角正切为[  WU Z, CHEN X Q, ZHANG Z L, et al. Design and optimization of a flexible water-based microwave absorbing metamaterial[J]. Applied Physics Express, 2019, 12(5): 057003.
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tanδ(ω)=ε/ε
(8)

图10所示[  WEN J D, ZHAO Q, PENG R G, et al. Progress in water-based metamaterial absorbers: A review[J]. Optical Materials Express, 2022, 12(4): 1461–1479.
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的介电常数和损耗角正切曲线表明,水在特定微波频段内具有极高地损耗,这是由于分子极化过程中的能量耗散所致[  WEN J D, ZHAO Q, PENG R G, et al. Progress in water-based metamaterial absorbers: A review[J]. Optical Materials Express, 2022, 12(4): 1461–1479.
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。基于调整液体温度或溶液的组分的手段,可以有效改变系统的能量耗散能力,从而实现对电磁吸收的动态调控。

图10     不同频段下介电常数和损耗角正切变化曲线[  WEN J D, ZHAO Q, PENG R G, et al. Progress in water-based metamaterial absorbers: A review[J]. Optical Materials Express, 2022, 12(4): 1461–1479.
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Fig.10     Variation of dielectric constant and loss tangent at different frequency bands liquid-based dynamically tunable metamaterials[  WEN J D, ZHAO Q, PENG R G, et al. Progress in water-based metamaterial absorbers: A review[J]. Optical Materials Express, 2022, 12(4): 1461–1479.
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3.3     基于温度调控

随着水温的升高,水分子之间的氢键被破坏[  LI L T, WEN J D, WANG Y C, et al. A Transparent broadband all-dielectric water-based metamaterial absorber based on laser cutting[J]. Physica Scripta, 2023, 98(5): 055516.
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,液体的介电常数剧烈降低,导致液体的损耗角正切值也随之降低,该频段的能量无法被充分耗散,结构的吸收率发生显著降低。Andryieuski等[  ANDRYIEUSKI A, KUZNETSOVA S M, ZHUKOVSKY S V, et al. Water: Promising opportunities for tunable all-dielectric electromagnetic metamaterials[J]. Scientific Reports, 2015, 5: 13535.
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设计了一种如图11(a)所示的单层对称薄膜结构,基于对腔体中液体温度的调控,实现了对超材料谐振频率的动态调控。如图11(b)所示[  ANDRYIEUSKI A, KUZNETSOVA S M, ZHUKOVSKY S V, et al. Water: Promising opportunities for tunable all-dielectric electromagnetic metamaterials[J]. Scientific Reports, 2015, 5: 13535.
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,当液体温度从20 ℃升高到100 ℃时,低频段液体的介电常数剧烈降低;在0.76 GHz为中心的小范围内,结构的吸收率从50%降至约2%(图11(c)[  ANDRYIEUSKI A, KUZNETSOVA S M, ZHUKOVSKY S V, et al. Water: Promising opportunities for tunable all-dielectric electromagnetic metamaterials[J]. Scientific Reports, 2015, 5: 13535.
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)。由于该结构没有设置用于抑制透射的底板,因此理论最大吸收率仅为50%,且尚处于试验阶段。Li等[  PANG H X, FENG A C, YOU Y X, et al. Design of novel energy harvesting device based on water flow manipulation[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2022, 34(9): 093609.
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设计了一种3层交错的复合单元(图11(d)),基于控制液体温度可实现吸收率幅度可调,超表面由3片PMMA板拼接而成,在底部留有进、出水口。PMMA壳体与内部不同尺度的圆柱水层之间形成多重电磁谐振,实现了在13.3~40 GHz高达90%以上的宽带吸收。随着温度从0 ℃升高到100 ℃,水的介电常数剧烈降低,液体的损耗角正切值也随之降低。并且,该结构中有多重几何单元谐振,结构的谐振频率由几何参数主导,介电常数实部的变化不足以使谐振频率发生明显偏移。因此经过试验测量,如图11(e)所示[  PANG H X, FENG A C, YOU Y X, et al. Design of novel energy harvesting device based on water flow manipulation[J]. Physics of Fluids, 2022, 34(9): 093609.
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,在3~8 GHz的频段内,随着温度从0 ℃升高到100 ℃,平均吸收率从约85%下降至约50%。

图11     基于温度调控的水基超材料
Fig.11     Water-based metamaterials based on temperature regulation

3.4     基于溶液组分调控

通过向水中添加离子溶液,使水在低频段的介电常数虚部增大,损耗角正切因此急剧上升,低频段的电磁能量损耗也显著增强,从而提高了材料的吸收率。Wen等[  WEN J D, REN Q, PENG R G, et al. Multi-functional tunable ultra-broadband water-based metasurface absorber with high reconfigurability[J]. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2022, 55(28): 285103.
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设计了一种如图12(a)所示的可以改变水溶液盐度的水基电磁吸收材料。如图12(b)[  WEN J D, REN Q, PENG R G, et al. Multi-functional tunable ultra-broadband water-based metasurface absorber with high reconfigurability[J]. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2022, 55(28): 285103.
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所示,通过改变水的盐度使低频段的介电常数虚部明显增大。实现了如图12(c)[  WEN J D, REN Q, PENG R G, et al. Multi-functional tunable ultra-broadband water-based metasurface absorber with high reconfigurability[J]. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2022, 55(28): 285103.
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所示的在4~8 GHz的低频段内平均吸收率从约70%到约90%的逐级动态可调。Qi等[  WU Z, CHEN X Q, ZHANG Z L, et al. Design and optimization of a flexible water-based microwave absorbing metamaterial[J]. Applied Physics Express, 2019, 12(5): 057003.
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设计了一种“交错锥体”复合结构,将超材料中注入的液体替换为介电常数实部更小的[Emim][BF4],以确保输入阻抗更接近自由空间阻抗,并使得溶液的损耗角正切值变大,同样实现了在低频段对吸收率幅度的调控。当超材料中注入的液体为水时,在5.9~50 GHz范围吸收率可超过90%;更换为离子液体后,高于90%的吸收率覆盖了3.3~50 GHz的宽频带,即低频边缘从5.9 GHz红移至3.3 GHz,低频段3.3~5.9 GHz范围内平均吸收率从约60%升高至95%。这两种实现吸收率幅度调控的方式,都基于调控材料内离子溶液的手段,前者通过调控溶液的盐度,调控其介电常数虚部,提高了溶液的损耗角正切值,结构表现出较好的幅度连续调控能力;后者将材料中的液体替换为介电常数实部更小的[Emim][BF4],通过调控输入阻抗以更接近自由空间,实现了吸收率幅度的调控,但二者均只能在较窄的频带内实现吸收率幅度动态调控。

图12     基于溶液组分调控的水基超材料
Fig.12     Water-based metamaterials based on solution composition regulation

通过良好的结构设计协同低介电常数溶液的注入,吸收率幅度可以在宽频带内实现大幅可调。由于乙醇的介电常数虚部低于水,导致乙醇的损耗角正切值较小,向水中加入乙醇会降低溶液整体的介电常数虚部和损耗能力,导致吸收率幅度的降低。Song等[  SONG Q H, ZHANG W, WU P C, et al. Water-resonator-based metasurface: An ultrabroadband and near-unity absorption[J]. Advanced Optical Materials, 2017, 5(8): 1601103.
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设计了一种水基超表面(图12(d)),通过调控水谐振器的几何尺寸,结构与自由空间实现了良好的阻抗匹配,保证了低反射率。同时,金属底板的设置保证了低透射率。并且,由于低频谐振与高频谐振发生叠加,因此整个结构实现了良好的宽带吸收性能。向所设计的水球面腔中注入不同浓度的乙醇–水溶液,如图12(e)所示[  SONG Q H, ZHANG W, WU P C, et al. Water-resonator-based metasurface: An ultrabroadband and near-unity absorption[J]. Advanced Optical Materials, 2017, 5(8): 1601103.
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,随着乙醇浓度从0%增至100%,结构中溶液的介电常数虚部剧烈降低。所提出结构的吸收率在20~40 GHz范围内,实现了如图12(f)所示[  SONG Q H, ZHANG W, WU P C, et al. Water-resonator-based metasurface: An ultrabroadband and near-unity absorption[J]. Advanced Optical Materials, 2017, 5(8): 1601103.
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的从约95%逐级下降至约10%。

水无毒、无污染以及成本低的特性,为进行水基电磁吸收材料大规模的制造和生产提供了可行性。同时,由于水是一种在微波波段具有高介电损耗的介质,因此水基电磁吸收材料在微波段表现出了较优的宽带吸收能力,是动态可调电磁吸收材料的理想材料,但仍未实际应用,并且此类结构可能会出现质量较重的问题;同时伴随基于温度的调控手段,在长期温度循环下,还易发生系统频繁膨胀收缩造成的液体泄漏[  XIN F, LYU Q. A review on thermal properties of hydrogels for electronic devices applications[J]. Gels, 2023, 9(1): 7.
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;在持续振动冲击下,还易造成流体分布不稳定以及微通道爆裂。因此,亟须开发出一种热敏性低、鲁棒性强,具有更高自由度和稳定性的调控方式。

4     基于机械形变机制的动态调控电磁吸收材料

基于石墨烯、二极管和流体材料的传统动态可调电磁吸收超材料通常依赖于外部刺激,改变其等效电磁参数,实现对吸收幅度、频率的动态调控[  杨蕾, 熊浩然, 吴翰铭, 等. 可重构超表面研究进展及应用[J]. 红外与激光工程, 2025, 54(3): 23–43.YANG Lei, XIONG Haoran, WU Hanming, et al. Progress and applications of reconfigurable metasurfaces[J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2025, 54(3): 23–43.
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。但仍存在吸收带宽窄、调制深度有限、成本高[  ESFANDIARI M, LV X J, CHAMANI S, et al. Graphene metasurfaces: Advances in lens applications, design strategies, and fabrication techniques[J]. Materials Today Electronics, 2025, 11: 100140.
87
]
、结构复杂[  汪国崔, 胡滨, 张岩. 动态超构表面设计及功能器件[J]. 激光与光电子学进展, 2021, 58(9): 9–28.WANG Guocui, HU Bin, ZHANG Yan. Dynamic metasurface design and functional devices[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2021, 58(9): 9–28.
88
]
等缺陷,并且对环境扰动敏感[  王家伟, 李珂, 成茗, 等. 动态可调谐超表面的研究进展与应用[J]. 光电工程, 2023, 50(8): 230141.WANG Jiawei, LI Ke, CHENG Ming, et al. Research progress and applications of dynamically tunable metasurfaces[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2023, 50(8): 230141.
89
]
,普遍存在功耗高、热敏性强、温湿度耐受性差等问题,尤其在极高温或湿度下容易造成失效或漂移[  XU R J, LIN Y S. Actively MEMS-based tunable metamaterials for advanced and emerging applications[J]. Electronics, 2022, 11(2): 243.
90
]
,不利于复杂环境的应用。而通过结构的机械形变实现的电磁吸收响应动态调控[  LI W W, XU M Z, XU H X, et al. Metamaterial absorbers: From tunable surface to structural transformation[J]. Advanced Materials, 2022, 34(38): 2202509.
91
]
,不依赖材料本身等效电磁参数的变化。经设计后的热–机械稳定性超材料,在非均匀温场下能实现“零热翘曲”[  YU H B, WANG H M, WANG X Y, et al. The metamaterial with high thermal-mechanical stability and the practical application as the microwave antenna: Mechanical designs, theoretical predictions, and experimental demonstrations[J]. Extreme Mechanics Letters, 2024, 69: 102166.
92
]
;基于柔性基底设计的可拉伸超材料,能重复进行多次拉伸与恢复操作,且调谐行为可逆,没有退化现象[  LI J N, CHEN J Y, YAN D X, et al. A review: Active tunable terahertz metamaterials[J]. Advanced Photonics Research, 2024, 5(7): 2300351.
93
]
。因此,基于机械结构实现的电磁超材料具有更高的自由度[  XIONG B, DENG L, PENG R W, et al. Controlling the degrees of freedom in metasurface designs for multi-functional optical devices[J]. Nanoscale Advances, 2019, 1(10): 3786–3806.
94
]
和稳定性[  MEEUSSEN A S, PAULOSE J, VITELLI V. Geared topological metamaterials with tunable mechanical stability[J]. Physical Review X, 2016, 6(4): 041029.
 EFFAH E, NETTEY-OPPONG E E, ALI A, et al. Tunable metasurfaces based on mechanically deformable polymeric substrates[J]. Photonics, 2023, 10(2): 119.
95-96
]
表4[  XU Z H, XU S, QIAN C, et al. Chimera metasurface for multiterrain invisibility[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2024, 121(6): e2309096120.
14
 LIANG L L, LI C, YANG X Y, et al. Pneumatic structural deformation to enhance resonance behavior for broadband and adaptive radar stealth[J]. Nano Letters, 2024, 24(8): 2652–2660.
 ZHANG Z, LEI H S, DUAN S Y, et al. Bioinspired double-broadband switchable microwave absorbing grid structures with inflatable kresling origami actuators[J]. Advanced Science, 2024, 11(4): 2306119.
 WU L H, LIU J, LIU X, et al. Microwave-absorbing foams with adjustable absorption frequency and structural coloration[J]. Nano Letters, 2024, 24(11): 3369–3377.
 LI M, SHEN L, JING L Q, et al. Origami metawall: Mechanically controlled absorption and deflection of light[J]. Advanced Science, 2019, 6(23): 1901434.
 ZHU Z B, LI Y F, QIN Z, et al. Miura origami based reconfigurable polarization converter for multifunctional control of electromagnetic waves[J]. Photonics Research, 2024, 12(3): 581–586.
 SONG Z C, ZHU J F, WANG X C, et al. Origami metamaterials for ultra-wideband and large-depth reflection modulation[J]. Nature Communications, 2024, 15: 3181.
 KIDAMBI N, WANG K W. Dynamics of kresling origami deployment[J]. Physical Review E, 2020, 101(6–1): 063003.
 孟庆龙, 张艳, 张彬, 等. 光控可调谐多频带太赫兹超材料吸收器的特性[J]. 激光与光电子学进展, 2019, 56(10): 253–258.MENG Qinglong, ZHANG Yan, ZHANG Bin, et al. Characteristics of optically tunable multi-band terahertz metamaterial absorber[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2019, 56(10): 253–258.
 GUNAYDIN K, TÜRKMEN H S, AIROLDI A, et al. Compression behavior of EBM printed auxetic chiral structures[J]. Materials, 2022, 15(4): 1520.
 YIN Z Y, BAI L Y, LI S Z, et al. Thermally and magnetically tunable origami structures for electromagnetic wave absorption[J]. Composites Science and Technology, 2025, 265: 111154.
97-106
]
总结了其相应的调控手段和性能指标。

表4     基于机械结构的动态调控性能[  XU Z H, XU S, QIAN C, et al. Chimera metasurface for multiterrain invisibility[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2024, 121(6): e2309096120.
14
 LIANG L L, LI C, YANG X Y, et al. Pneumatic structural deformation to enhance resonance behavior for broadband and adaptive radar stealth[J]. Nano Letters, 2024, 24(8): 2652–2660.
 ZHANG Z, LEI H S, DUAN S Y, et al. Bioinspired double-broadband switchable microwave absorbing grid structures with inflatable kresling origami actuators[J]. Advanced Science, 2024, 11(4): 2306119.
 WU L H, LIU J, LIU X, et al. Microwave-absorbing foams with adjustable absorption frequency and structural coloration[J]. Nano Letters, 2024, 24(11): 3369–3377.
 LI M, SHEN L, JING L Q, et al. Origami metawall: Mechanically controlled absorption and deflection of light[J]. Advanced Science, 2019, 6(23): 1901434.
 ZHU Z B, LI Y F, QIN Z, et al. Miura origami based reconfigurable polarization converter for multifunctional control of electromagnetic waves[J]. Photonics Research, 2024, 12(3): 581–586.
 SONG Z C, ZHU J F, WANG X C, et al. Origami metamaterials for ultra-wideband and large-depth reflection modulation[J]. Nature Communications, 2024, 15: 3181.
 KIDAMBI N, WANG K W. Dynamics of kresling origami deployment[J]. Physical Review E, 2020, 101(6–1): 063003.
 孟庆龙, 张艳, 张彬, 等. 光控可调谐多频带太赫兹超材料吸收器的特性[J]. 激光与光电子学进展, 2019, 56(10): 253–258.MENG Qinglong, ZHANG Yan, ZHANG Bin, et al. Characteristics of optically tunable multi-band terahertz metamaterial absorber[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2019, 56(10): 253–258.
 GUNAYDIN K, TÜRKMEN H S, AIROLDI A, et al. Compression behavior of EBM printed auxetic chiral structures[J]. Materials, 2022, 15(4): 1520.
 YIN Z Y, BAI L Y, LI S Z, et al. Thermally and magnetically tunable origami structures for electromagnetic wave absorption[J]. Composites Science and Technology, 2025, 265: 111154.
97-106
]
Table 4     Dynamically tunable properties of mechanically structured materials[  XU Z H, XU S, QIAN C, et al. Chimera metasurface for multiterrain invisibility[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2024, 121(6): e2309096120.
14
 LIANG L L, LI C, YANG X Y, et al. Pneumatic structural deformation to enhance resonance behavior for broadband and adaptive radar stealth[J]. Nano Letters, 2024, 24(8): 2652–2660.
 ZHANG Z, LEI H S, DUAN S Y, et al. Bioinspired double-broadband switchable microwave absorbing grid structures with inflatable kresling origami actuators[J]. Advanced Science, 2024, 11(4): 2306119.
 WU L H, LIU J, LIU X, et al. Microwave-absorbing foams with adjustable absorption frequency and structural coloration[J]. Nano Letters, 2024, 24(11): 3369–3377.
 LI M, SHEN L, JING L Q, et al. Origami metawall: Mechanically controlled absorption and deflection of light[J]. Advanced Science, 2019, 6(23): 1901434.
 ZHU Z B, LI Y F, QIN Z, et al. Miura origami based reconfigurable polarization converter for multifunctional control of electromagnetic waves[J]. Photonics Research, 2024, 12(3): 581–586.
 SONG Z C, ZHU J F, WANG X C, et al. Origami metamaterials for ultra-wideband and large-depth reflection modulation[J]. Nature Communications, 2024, 15: 3181.
 KIDAMBI N, WANG K W. Dynamics of kresling origami deployment[J]. Physical Review E, 2020, 101(6–1): 063003.
 孟庆龙, 张艳, 张彬, 等. 光控可调谐多频带太赫兹超材料吸收器的特性[J]. 激光与光电子学进展, 2019, 56(10): 253–258.MENG Qinglong, ZHANG Yan, ZHANG Bin, et al. Characteristics of optically tunable multi-band terahertz metamaterial absorber[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2019, 56(10): 253–258.
 GUNAYDIN K, TÜRKMEN H S, AIROLDI A, et al. Compression behavior of EBM printed auxetic chiral structures[J]. Materials, 2022, 15(4): 1520.
 YIN Z Y, BAI L Y, LI S Z, et al. Thermally and magnetically tunable origami structures for electromagnetic wave absorption[J]. Composites Science and Technology, 2025, 265: 111154.
97-106
]
调控方式 调控效果 调控原理 幅度可调频带f/GHz 幅度可调范围/% 频率可调范围f/GHz
基于层间结构 窄带幅度[  XU Z H, XU S, QIAN C, et al. Chimera metasurface for multiterrain invisibility[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2024, 121(6): e2309096120.
14
]
调控层间距 8~12 20~98
基于压力调控 宽带幅度[  LIANG L L, LI C, YANG X Y, et al. Pneumatic structural deformation to enhance resonance behavior for broadband and adaptive radar stealth[J]. Nano Letters, 2024, 24(8): 2652–2660.
97
]
梯度电阻+调控腔体气压 8~18 68.4~95
宽带幅度[  ZHANG Z, LEI H S, DUAN S Y, et al. Bioinspired double-broadband switchable microwave absorbing grid structures with inflatable kresling origami actuators[J]. Advanced Science, 2024, 11(4): 2306119.
98
]
频率选择表面+调控腔体气压 4.7~18 84~99
宽带频率[  WU L H, LIU J, LIU X, et al. Microwave-absorbing foams with adjustable absorption frequency and structural coloration[J]. Nano Letters, 2024, 24(11): 3369–3377.
99
]
TiO2涂层+调控压缩比例 4.08~18
基于折纸结构 窄带幅度[  LI M, SHEN L, JING L Q, et al. Origami metawall: Mechanically controlled absorption and deflection of light[J]. Advanced Science, 2019, 6(23): 1901434.
100
]
调控折叠角度 9.6 2~98
窄带频率[  ZHU Z B, LI Y F, QIN Z, et al. Miura origami based reconfigurable polarization converter for multifunctional control of electromagnetic waves[J]. Photonics Research, 2024, 12(3): 581–586.
101
]
调控折叠角度 3.4~4.1
宽带幅度[  SONG Z C, ZHU J F, WANG X C, et al. Origami metamaterials for ultra-wideband and large-depth reflection modulation[J]. Nature Communications, 2024, 15: 3181.
102
]
遗传算法+调整折叠角度 2~18 68~97
宽带幅度[  KIDAMBI N, WANG K W. Dynamics of kresling origami deployment[J]. Physical Review E, 2020, 101(6–1): 063003.
103
]
遗传算法+调整旋转角度 10~18 84~97
宽带幅度[  孟庆龙, 张艳, 张彬, 等. 光控可调谐多频带太赫兹超材料吸收器的特性[J]. 激光与光电子学进展, 2019, 56(10): 253–258.MENG Qinglong, ZHANG Yan, ZHANG Bin, et al. Characteristics of optically tunable multi-band terahertz metamaterial absorber[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2019, 56(10): 253–258.
104
]
机器学习+调整折叠角度 5.85~18 85~97
窄带幅度[  GUNAYDIN K, TÜRKMEN H S, AIROLDI A, et al. Compression behavior of EBM printed auxetic chiral structures[J]. Materials, 2022, 15(4): 1520.
105
]
调整折叠角度 17.2~18.35 15~90
宽带幅度[  YIN Z Y, BAI L Y, LI S Z, et al. Thermally and magnetically tunable origami structures for electromagnetic wave absorption[J]. Composites Science and Technology, 2025, 265: 111154.
106
]
高阻抗涂层+调控折叠角度 4.96~38.8 43~96

4.1     基于层间间距调控

利用调整层间结构的方法,Xu等[  XU Z H, XU S, QIAN C, et al. Chimera metasurface for multiterrain invisibility[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2024, 121(6): e2309096120.
14
]
设计了一种如图13(a)所示[  XU Z H, XU S, QIAN C, et al. Chimera metasurface for multiterrain invisibility[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2024, 121(6): e2309096120.
14
]
的双层间距可调超表面,超表面单元的双层结构上下两层为互补ITO图案。当层间距为0时,上下ITO图案接触构成单一RLC串联电路,基于设计的阻抗匹配条件,结构在8~12 GHz频段内表现出强吸收态;随层间距增大,等效电路转为由层间阻抗分隔的两组RLC子回路,两层结构逐渐表现为弱耦合态,即结构的等效阻抗增大,破坏了阻抗匹配条件,导致结构的吸收率逐渐降低。如图13(b)所示[  XU Z H, XU S, QIAN C, et al. Chimera metasurface for multiterrain invisibility[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2024, 121(6): e2309096120.
14
]
,随着层间距从0增至7 mm,经过试验测量,在8~12 GHz频段结构吸收率由约98%下降至约20%,实现了较好的吸收幅度调控能力,但工作频带仍较窄。

图13     基于层间间距调控的动态可调超材料
Fig.13     Dynamically tunable metamaterials based on interlayer spacing control

4.2     基于压力调控

基于气动可形变结构,Liang等[  LIANG L L, LI C, YANG X Y, et al. Pneumatic structural deformation to enhance resonance behavior for broadband and adaptive radar stealth[J]. Nano Letters, 2024, 24(8): 2652–2660.
97
]
设计了一种如图14(a)所示的,可以实现结构可逆变形的电磁吸收材料,同时拓宽了吸收幅度可调的工作频带。结构设计有超薄的弹性薄膜,通过充气使腔体内气压增大,结构单元可以从平面形态逐渐鼓起形成半球形,随着结构的变化,超材料逐渐表现出多个吸收峰。膨胀半球上的多种共振行为的叠加,不仅增强了反射强度,还拓宽了吸收带宽。随着气压增大,吸收率高于90%的频带可从初始的2.4 GHz扩展到最高15.0 GHz,并且在主吸收峰约6.5 GHz处,随着充气量从0升高至16 mL,吸收率先由约95%升高至约99.9%再轻微下降至约95%,在8~18 GHz范围内,平均吸收率则由约68.4%提升至约95%。同样通过控制腔体气压的方法,还可以利用Kresling结构[  DING W M, ZHANG Z, DUAN S Y, et al. Highly stretchable radar absorber based on kirigami metastructures with tunable electromagnetic properties[J]. Acta Mechanica Sinica, 2024, 41(9): 424363.
107
]
实现对电磁吸收性能的动态调控。Zhang等[  ZHANG Z, LEI H S, DUAN S Y, et al. Bioinspired double-broadband switchable microwave absorbing grid structures with inflatable kresling origami actuators[J]. Advanced Science, 2024, 11(4): 2306119.
98
]
设计了一种如图14(b)所示的可充气Kresling结构,通过调控内部气体压力来切换折叠状态和展开状态,在完全折叠状态时,通过设计结构的几何参数,使其近似满足阻抗匹配条件,在3.4~18 GHz范围内,结构的平均吸收率达到约99%;完全展开状态时,结构中等效为频率选择表面的圆形电阻片被升至顶层,只有低频波被吸收,只在2.0~4.7 GHz范围内形成了吸收率大于99.99%单吸收峰,高于4.7 GHz的高频段吸收率整体下降至不足90%。

图14     基于压力调控的动态可调超材料
Fig.14     Dynamically tunable metamaterials based on pressure regulation

由于超材料的谐振频率和材料有效厚度成反比[  LIM D D, IBARRA A, LEE J, et al. A tunable metamaterial microwave absorber inspired by chameleon’s color-changing mechanism[J]. Science Advances, 2025, 11(3): eads3499.
108
]
,基于压力的调控手段,还可以通过对泡沫结构超材料[  DONG Z H, LIAO S Y, LI X, et al. Reconfigurable origami metamaterial for broadband absorption and polarization conversion[J]. Optics Express, 2025, 33(5): 11462–11473.
109
]
施加机械压缩。Wu等[  WU L H, LIU J, LIU X, et al. Microwave-absorbing foams with adjustable absorption frequency and structural coloration[J]. Nano Letters, 2024, 24(11): 3369–3377.
99
]
依此设计了一种如图14(c)所示的三维多孔结构,可以通过压缩材料而动态调控超材料的吸收性能,压缩过程中材料有效厚度减小,而谐振频率与材料有效厚度成反比关系,因此吸收峰向高频方向显著移动。对于初始厚度为6 mm的TiO2/Ni/MF–2000泡沫,随着压缩比例由0增至70%,吸收峰频率从约4.08 GHz连续调谐至约18 GHz,同时吸收率大于90%的有效吸收带宽约覆盖10.16 GHz。

4.3     基于折纸/剪纸结构调控

由于折纸[  LV C, KRISHNARAJU D, KONJEVOD G, et al. Origami based mechanical metamaterials[J]. Scientific Reports, 2014, 4: 5979.
110
]
、剪纸[  ZHAI Z R, WU L L, JIANG H Q. Mechanical metamaterials based on origami and kirigami[J]. Applied Physics Reviews, 2021, 8(4): 041319.
 SUN Y, YE W J, CHEN Y, et al. Geometric design classification of kirigami-inspired metastructures and metamaterials[J]. Structures, 2021, 33: 3633–3643.
111-112
]
技术独特的可折叠、展开特性,通过调整其折叠角度,将直接影响超材料结构的排布、空间分布,进而影响其等效电磁参数,改变阻抗匹配条件,实现吸收幅度、频率的动态调控[  王明照, 王少杰, 许河秀. 基于剪纸方法的一种可重构线极化转换空间序构超表面[J]. 物理学报, 2021, 70(15): 43–50.WANG Mingzhao, WANG Shaojie, XU Hexiu. Reconfigurable linear polarization conversion based on spatial-order kirigami metasurfaces[J]. Acta Physica Sinica, 2021, 70(15): 43–50.
113
]
。设计有折纸、剪纸结构的电磁吸收材料,为电磁吸收性能的动态调控提供了新思路。

在早期折纸电磁超材料研究中,折纸超材料以平面Miura折叠结构[  SCHENK M, GUEST S D. Geometry of miura-folded metamaterials[J]. PNAS, 2013, 110(9): 3276–3281.
 MIURA K, LANG R J. The science of miura-ori: A review[M]. Origami 4. A K Peters/CRC Press, 2009.
114-115
]
作为结构基础,采用高导电金属薄膜构建电磁超表面。借助折纸结构的折叠形变,从而实现对电磁波特性的调控。如Li等[  LI M, SHEN L, JING L Q, et al. Origami metawall: Mechanically controlled absorption and deflection of light[J]. Advanced Science, 2019, 6(23): 1901434.
100
]
使用印刷有金属谐振环的Miura折纸单元(图15(a)),实现了一种可机械调谐的超材料,通过折叠改变单元周期调整阻抗匹配条件。如图15(b)所示[  LI M, SHEN L, JING L Q, et al. Origami metawall: Mechanically controlled absorption and deflection of light[J]. Advanced Science, 2019, 6(23): 1901434.
100
]
,通过轻微改变折叠角度实现了以9.24 GHz为中心的小范围内吸收率从约20%到约98%的变化。但由于金属膜层表面电阻往往很小,易产生强谐振,导致调控带宽难以超过1 GHz,无法满足宽频段、大范围的电磁调控需求。通过调整折纸结构的折叠角度,改变其周期性结构,还能使结构等效电磁参数发生变化,实现对谐振频率的动态调控。如图15(c)所示[  ZHU Z B, LI Y F, QIN Z, et al. Miura origami based reconfigurable polarization converter for multifunctional control of electromagnetic waves[J]. Photonics Research, 2024, 12(3): 581–586.
101
]
,Zhu等[  ZHU Z B, LI Y F, QIN Z, et al. Miura origami based reconfigurable polarization converter for multifunctional control of electromagnetic waves[J]. Photonics Research, 2024, 12(3): 581–586.
101
]
设计并制造了一种基于改变超材料的折叠角度,实现谐振频率改变的结构。增大折叠角度后,结构的电偶极子间距变小,折纸表面两个电偶极子间的相互吸引力变强,使结构更稳定,等效于电容、电感增大,如图15(d)所示[  ZHU Z B, LI Y F, QIN Z, et al. Miura origami based reconfigurable polarization converter for multifunctional control of electromagnetic waves[J]. Photonics Research, 2024, 12(3): 581–586.
101
]
,经过试验测量,结构的谐振频率可以从4.1 GHz移动到3.4 GHz。

图15     基于折纸/剪纸结构的动态可调超材料
Fig.15     Dynamically tunable metamaterials based on origami/paper-cut structure

近年来,优化算法和机器学习的发展为拓展超材料动态调控的工作带宽提供了可行策略,Yin等[  SONG Z C, ZHU J F, WANG X C, et al. Origami metamaterials for ultra-wideband and large-depth reflection modulation[J]. Nature Communications, 2024, 15: 3181.
102
]
利用形状记忆聚合物,并通过遗传算法优化结构参数,设计了一种基于折纸结构的宽带动态可调电磁吸收材料,所设计的电磁吸收材料能在热和磁场的激发下,实现平面和折叠状态的双向切换。经过试验验证,其平均吸收率在2~18 GHz间实现了从约68%到约97%间的动态切换。Ding等[  KIDAMBI N, WANG K W. Dynamics of kresling origami deployment[J]. Physical Review E, 2020, 101(6–1): 063003.
103
]
建立了精确电磁反射率模型,并利用遗传算法优化结构参数。经过试验验证,随着折纸结构旋转角度的改变,所提出的结构在10~18 GHz内实现了平均吸收率由约84%至97%的连续变化。Lim等[  孟庆龙, 张艳, 张彬, 等. 光控可调谐多频带太赫兹超材料吸收器的特性[J]. 激光与光电子学进展, 2019, 56(10): 253–258.MENG Qinglong, ZHANG Yan, ZHANG Bin, et al. Characteristics of optically tunable multi-band terahertz metamaterial absorber[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2019, 56(10): 253–258.
104
]
通过训练的机器学习模型设计了一种交叉网格结构。经过试验验证,通过改变结构的折叠角度实现了在5.85~18 GHz内,平均吸收率从约85%至97%的逐级变化。此外,采用高阻值的无机非金属薄膜构建电磁超表面,可以有效提升折纸电磁超材料对电磁波的调控能力,Dong等[  GUNAYDIN K, TÜRKMEN H S, AIROLDI A, et al. Compression behavior of EBM printed auxetic chiral structures[J]. Materials, 2022, 15(4): 1520.
105
]
依此设计了一种使用高阻抗表面的折纸电磁吸收材料,通过对超材料机械拉伸或压缩改变旋转角度,实现了在17.2~18.35 GHz范围内超材料的平均吸收率由约15%~90%的大幅度调控。同样利用高阻值薄膜,Song等[  YIN Z Y, BAI L Y, LI S Z, et al. Thermally and magnetically tunable origami structures for electromagnetic wave absorption[J]. Composites Science and Technology, 2025, 265: 111154.
106
]
设计了一种如图15(e)所示的,基于Miura折叠的吸收率动态可调电磁吸收材料,进一步拓宽了吸收带宽。通过改变结构的折叠状态,实现了在4.96~38.8 GHz超宽带范围内吸收幅度的动态可调。通过制备样件并试验测量,如图15(f)所示[  YIN Z Y, BAI L Y, LI S Z, et al. Thermally and magnetically tunable origami structures for electromagnetic wave absorption[J]. Composites Science and Technology, 2025, 265: 111154.
106
]
,平面状态时结构在4.96~38.8 GHz频段的平均吸收率约为43%;折叠状态时结构表现出强吸收,在4.96~38.8 GHz频段的平均吸收率约为96%。该结构实现了在超宽带范围内,对吸收率幅度的大范围调控,为微波波段的电磁吸收动态调控带来进一步性能突破。

5     结论与展望

电磁吸收材料经近百年的发展,已基本解决静态电磁吸收问题,并广泛应用于电磁干扰抑制和目标隐身等场景。然而,面对雷达系统由高功率探测向高分辨率成像的迭代升级,传统静态电磁吸收材料性能固定,在不同环境中的适应性明显不足。亟须发展具有可调节电磁吸收能力的新一代动态调控电磁吸收材料。

长期以来,动态调控电磁吸收材料的发展受限于调控带宽窄、调控范围小、材料选择受限等瓶颈。近年来,随着对石墨烯、二极管、流体等典型材料体系的深入研究,以“阻抗匹配”和“能量耗散”为核心,通过光电常数调节和结构形状调节,来同时实现宽带与大深度调节。如图16所示,针对不同工程目标,选择电控(石墨烯/二极管)调节方式以实现快速的连续调节;选择流调控方式以扩展器件面积并降低成本;选机械形变调节以兼具低成本、大面积调节与较强稳定性。结合结构优化等设计策略,动态调控电磁吸收材料的调控带宽和调制深度得到了显著拓展,为对抗雷达成像等应用场景提供了可能。

图16     不同调控手段的横向对比雷达图
Fig.16     Radar chart for lateral comparison of different tuning methods

然而,在工程化应用中,现有动态调控方案仍面临诸多挑战。例如,基于二极管的调控单元通常尺寸较小(cm量级),若布设于平方米级表面,需连接上万根导线至偏压电路,布线复杂且系统稳定性差,并且随着电路系统复杂性的提高,对光刻、蚀刻、封装等加工技术提出了更高的要求,进一步增加了成本;石墨烯材料需采用单层或少层形式,制备良率低、材料成本高,尚未具备大规模低成本制备能力;水基调控策略具良好介电调节能力并且成本较低,但水基超材料的质量较大,易受蒸发、泄漏等因素影响;在长期工作下,随着温度循环,将导致系统频繁膨胀收缩,易造成结构性能劣化;在持续振动冲击下,易造成流体分布不稳定以及微通道爆裂。

相比之下,基于机械形变响应机制的动态调控方案具有结构简单、稳定性强以及成本低等优势。特别是将该方案与柔性电子材料相结合,可进一步提升设计自由度。以折纸结构为代表的三维腔体结构,可显著提升电磁调控带宽与范围,为动态电磁吸收材料的结构创新提供了新路径。值得关注的是,若将动态调控电磁吸收材料与智能感知反馈系统相结合,有望突破电磁吸收材料的被动吸收局限。可实现对环境电磁特征的实时响应与自适应调节,构建具备“感知—决策—调控”闭环能力的智能吸收系统。但目前的研究大多局限在试验阶段,暂未关注各项复杂材料和技术引发的成本问题和实际工况下器件的使用寿命,动态可调电磁吸收材料的规模化工业生产仍然是今后研究中的重点。未来,动态调控电磁吸收材料将朝向实现L波段、C波段和X波段甚至覆盖微波全波段的宽带大范围调节,在高温、潮湿、强磁场等极端环境下系统的优良稳定性与自适应决策等方向加速演进,为雷达对抗、装备隐身与复杂电磁空间管理等关键应用提供重要支撑。

作者介绍



李泽钦 博士研究生,研究方向为基于深度学习的超构透明吸波体宽带设计和动态调控电磁吸收材料。

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