Progress on 4D Printed Mechanical Metamaterials and Their Applications in Aerospace Field
Citations
SONG Xuehao, ZENG Chengjun, LIU Liwu, et al. Progress on 4D printed mechanical metamaterials and their applications in aerospace field[J]. Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology, 2026, 69(1/2): 25010064.
图1 4D打印力学超材料[ LIU K, HAN L, HU W X, et al. 4D printed zero Poisson’s ratio metamaterial with switching function of mechanical and vibration isolation performance[J]. Materials & Design, 2020, 196: 109153. ZHANG X C, HAN Y S, ZHU M, et al. Bio-inspired 4D printed intelligent lattice metamaterials with tunable mechanical property[J]. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 2024, 272: 109198. ZHANG J F, MENG S W, WANG B F, et al. Bio-inspired sinusoidal metamaterials: Design, 4D printing, energy-absorbing properties[J]. Machines, 2024, 12(11): 813. ZHENG H K, SUN Y, HAN S H, et al. Rigid–flexible coupling design and reusable impact mitigation of the hierarchical-bistable hybrid metamaterials[J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2024, 194: 105075. QIAO Y, YAN Z M, CHEN J W, et al. Study on thermal metamaterial for uniform surface temperature distribution[J]. Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications, 2024, 16(8): 081008. 10-14]
1.Department of Astronautical Science and Mechanics, School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin150001, China
2.Center for Composite Materials and Structures, School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin150006, China
Citations
SONG Xuehao, ZENG Chengjun, LIU Liwu, et al. Progress on 4D printed mechanical metamaterials and their applications in aerospace field[J]. Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology, 2026, 69(1/2): 25010064.
Abstract
As structural materials with intelligent responsive characteristics, 4D printed mechanical metamaterials achieve dynamic regulation of mechanical properties and environmental adaptability through programmable microstructures and multi-material composite design. 4D printed mechanical metamaterials demonstrate unique advantages in terms of performance dimensions, yet their engineering application in the complex service environment of aerospace still faces numerous challenges. This paper reviews the current applications and technological advancements of 4D printed mechanical metamaterials in the aerospace domain. The article articulates the basic concepts of 4D printing and mechanical metamaterials, examines the research progress of 4D printed mechanical metamaterials and their applications in the aerospace field. The current scientific and technological challenges lie in achieving multi‑scale manufacturing precision, realizing complex structural architectures, and ensuring performance stability. Looking ahead, future research should focus on the development of high‑performance intelligent materials, as well as the establishment of computational simulation and optimization design methodologies, highlighting the interdisciplinary nature of 4D printed mechanical metamaterials. Such materials are expected to advance aerospace technologies toward higher efficiency, reliability, and intelligence, thereby providing strong support for technological innovation in related fields.
力学超材料与4D打印技术的结合为设计具有环境自适应性与高性能的新型结构材料开辟了新途径,在对环境适应性具有严苛要求的航空航天领域具有广泛的应用前景。与传统材料主要依赖化学组成不同,力学超材料的力学性能主要源于其特定的几何构型,通过精确的结构设计与优化,可实现对材料刚度[ TAN X J, CAO B, LIU X, et al. Negative stiffness mechanical metamaterials: A review[J]. Smart Materials and Structures, 2025, 34(1): 013001. GU J W, ZHAO W, ZENG C J, et al. Construction of mechanical metamaterials and their extraordinary functions[J]. Composite Structures, 2025, 356: 118872. SINHA P, MUKHOPADHYAY T, 王智宇, 等. 可编程多物理机制的力学超材料[J]. 力学进展, 2024, 54(4): 823–871.SINHA P, MUKHOPADHYAY T, WANG Zhiyu, et al. Programmable multi-physical mechanics of mechanical metamaterials[J]. Advances in Mechanics, 2024, 54(4): 823–871. 1-3]、强度及变形行为[ 杨庆生, 粘向川, 张婧, 等. 智柔超材料及其力学性能的研究进展[J]. 固体力学学报, 2024, 45(2): 145–169.YANG Qingsheng, NIAN Xiangchuan, ZHANG Jing, et al. Recent research progress on intelligent flexible mechanical metamaterials and their properties[J]. Chinese Journal of Solid Mechanics, 2024, 45(2): 145–169. 李雪平, 朱佳俊, 魏鹏. 零泊松比超材料面内动态压缩行为与吸能特性研究[J]. 锻压技术, 2025, 50(4): 236–247.LI Xueping, ZHU Jiajun, WEI Peng. Research on in-plane dynamic compression behavior and energy absorption characteristics for zero Poisson’s ratio metamaterial[J]. Forging & Stamping Technology, 2025, 50(4): 236–247. LEE S, KWON J, KIM H, et al. Advancing programmable metamaterials through machine learning-driven buckling strength optimization[J]. Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science, 2024, 31: 101161. 4-6]的精确调控。结合4D打印技术后,此类结构材料不仅能够构建复杂微观形貌,还具备在特定外界刺激下随时间演化的动态响应特性,包括可控的形状变换、刚度调控、能量吸收与双稳态行为等。这些响应可通过热、光、电、磁等物理激励触发[ MAHMOOD A, AKRAM T, CHEN S G, et al. Revolutionizing manufacturing: A review of 4D printing materials, stimuli, and cutting-edge applications[J]. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2023, 266: 110952. ZHANG H, HUANG S, SHENG J, et al. Regulation of electrically responsive shape recovery behavior of 4D printed polymers for application in actuators[J]. Additive Manufacturing, 2023, 78: 103836. NOREE S, PINYAKIT Y, TUNGKIJANANSIN N, et al. Shape transformation of 4D printed edible insects triggered by thermal dehydration[J]. Journal of Food Engineering, 2023, 358: 111666. 7-9],体现出显著的可编程性与时变功能的协同优势。通过系统的几何拓扑结构与刺激响应材料的协同设计,4D打印力学超材料可实现负泊松比效应、各向异性刚度分布、非线性力学响应以及机械逻辑运算等复杂力学行为,大幅拓展了其在可重构超表面、空间可展结构、减振系统及热防护装置等航空航天关键功能部件中的应用前景。同时,这类材料具有制造后功能重构能力,为实现多功能集成与任务适应性提供了传统材料体系难以企及的技术方案。
然而,尽管4D打印力学超材料在性能维度上展现出独特优势,但在航空航天复杂服役环境中的工程化应用仍面临诸多挑战。这些挑战主要包括材料长期服役稳定性、制造精度与一致性控制、驱动机制的调控复杂性,以及在极端温度、振动与载荷条件下的结构可靠性等问题,这些都对其实际应用提出更高要求。此外,实现4D打印力学超材料从实验室样品向工程系统的转化,需要建立涵盖材料开发、结构设计、制造工艺、性能表征与系统集成的多尺度协同设计方法。这些难题的突破需要材料科学、力学、控制工程与航空航天工程等学科的深度交叉融合。基于此,本文系统综述了4D打印力学超材料的研究进展与发展趋势,重点阐述其在航空航天应用中的关键作用与技术瓶颈。本文首先介绍4D打印与力学超材料的基本理论与原理;其次依照设计需求将4D打印力学超材料分为可调泊松比力学超材料、可调刚度力学超材料、仿生力学超材料,系统分析近年来的研究进展,并重点探讨其在航空航天核心功能模块中的集成应用潜力,包含轻量化与高强度结构和热防护与隔热系统两部分,如图1所示[ LIU K, HAN L, HU W X, et al. 4D printed zero Poisson’s ratio metamaterial with switching function of mechanical and vibration isolation performance[J]. Materials & Design, 2020, 196: 109153. ZHANG X C, HAN Y S, ZHU M, et al. Bio-inspired 4D printed intelligent lattice metamaterials with tunable mechanical property[J]. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 2024, 272: 109198. ZHANG J F, MENG S W, WANG B F, et al. Bio-inspired sinusoidal metamaterials: Design, 4D printing, energy-absorbing properties[J]. Machines, 2024, 12(11): 813. ZHENG H K, SUN Y, HAN S H, et al. Rigid–flexible coupling design and reusable impact mitigation of the hierarchical-bistable hybrid metamaterials[J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2024, 194: 105075. QIAO Y, YAN Z M, CHEN J W, et al. Study on thermal metamaterial for uniform surface temperature distribution[J]. Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications, 2024, 16(8): 081008. 10-14];最后对当前技术面临的关键科学问题与未来发展方向进行深入探讨。
图1 4D打印力学超材料[ LIU K, HAN L, HU W X, et al. 4D printed zero Poisson’s ratio metamaterial with switching function of mechanical and vibration isolation performance[J]. Materials & Design, 2020, 196: 109153. ZHANG X C, HAN Y S, ZHU M, et al. Bio-inspired 4D printed intelligent lattice metamaterials with tunable mechanical property[J]. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 2024, 272: 109198. ZHANG J F, MENG S W, WANG B F, et al. Bio-inspired sinusoidal metamaterials: Design, 4D printing, energy-absorbing properties[J]. Machines, 2024, 12(11): 813. ZHENG H K, SUN Y, HAN S H, et al. Rigid–flexible coupling design and reusable impact mitigation of the hierarchical-bistable hybrid metamaterials[J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2024, 194: 105075. QIAO Y, YAN Z M, CHEN J W, et al. Study on thermal metamaterial for uniform surface temperature distribution[J]. Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications, 2024, 16(8): 081008. 10-14]
Fig.1 4D-printed mechanical metamaterials[ LIU K, HAN L, HU W X, et al. 4D printed zero Poisson’s ratio metamaterial with switching function of mechanical and vibration isolation performance[J]. Materials & Design, 2020, 196: 109153. ZHANG X C, HAN Y S, ZHU M, et al. Bio-inspired 4D printed intelligent lattice metamaterials with tunable mechanical property[J]. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 2024, 272: 109198. ZHANG J F, MENG S W, WANG B F, et al. Bio-inspired sinusoidal metamaterials: Design, 4D printing, energy-absorbing properties[J]. Machines, 2024, 12(11): 813. ZHENG H K, SUN Y, HAN S H, et al. Rigid–flexible coupling design and reusable impact mitigation of the hierarchical-bistable hybrid metamaterials[J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2024, 194: 105075. QIAO Y, YAN Z M, CHEN J W, et al. Study on thermal metamaterial for uniform surface temperature distribution[J]. Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications, 2024, 16(8): 081008. 10-14]
1 4D打印力学超材料的基本概念
1.1 4D打印的定义与原理
4D打印技术通过引入“时间”这一变量,显著拓展了增材制造的功能边界。此概念最早由Tibbits[ TIBBITS S. 4D printing: Multi-material shape change[J]. Architectural Design, 2014, 84(1): 116–121. 15]于2013年提出,旨在利用刺激响应材料与3D打印工艺制造可随时间在外部刺激作用下实现形状、性能或功能转变的结构系统。与仅能制造静态结构的传统3D打印不同,4D打印结合了形状记忆聚合物(Shape memory polymers,SMPs)[ ZHANG B, ZHANG W, ZHANG Z Q, et al. Self-healing four-dimensional printing with an ultraviolet curable double-network shape memory polymer system[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2019, 11(10): 10328–10336. 钱妍, 童方正, 张克勤, 等. 4D打印温敏响应型药物控释凝胶支架[J]. 现代丝绸科学与技术, 2024, 39(2): 38–42.QIAN Yan, TONG Fangzheng, ZHANG Keqin, et al. 4D printing of temperature-responsive hydrogel scaffolds for controlled drug release[J]. Modern Silk Science & Technology, 2024, 39(2): 38–42. CHEN S J, MAO X H, HE Z, et al. Novel 4D-printing pellets with infrared-light responsive shape memory effect[J]. Smart Materials and Structures, 2024, 33(8): 085042. 16-18]、形状记忆合金(Shape memory alloys,SMAs)[ LONE N F, GANGIL N, BAJAJ D, et al. Innovating 4D-printed microstructures via gas metal arc welding assisted wire-arc additive manufacturing[J]. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 2024, 132: 416–424. LADAKHAN S H, SREESHA R B, MAKIREDDYPALLI ADINARAYANAPPA S. A study of the functional capabilities of shape memory alloy-based 4D printed analogous bending actuators[J]. Progress in Additive Manufacturing, 2024, 9(1): 85–105. 祁忻, 李昊, 陈文刚, 等. 4D打印刺激响应形状记忆智能材料的研究现状与展望[J]. 功能材料, 2023, 54(3): 3071–3078.QI Xin, LI Hao, CHEN Wengang, et al. Research status and prospect of 4D printing stimuli-responsive shape memory smart materials[J]. Journal of Functional Materials, 2023, 54(3): 3071–3078. 19-21]及水凝胶[ ALLI Y A, ANUAR H, BAMISAYE A, et al. The appealing prospect of hydrogel in 3D/4D printing technology: Overview and opportunities[J]. Polymer, 2024, 315: 127823. DENG C Y, SUN H X, WU X Z, et al. Study of magnetic hydrogel 4D printability and smart self-folding structure[J]. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2024, 26(22): 2401602. LI T Q, HUANG Z J, TSUI G C, et al. Recent advances in 4D printing of hydrogels[J]. Reviews on Advanced Materials Science, 2024, 63: 20240028. 22-24]等刺激响应材料,在特定热、光、电或磁场环境下产生可逆变形行为,从而实现结构在生命周期中的动态功能转化。
随着对4D打印的进一步研究,研究者们提出可编程响应刺激多功能智能材料的4D打印新技术,致力于设计兼备多重刺激与多种响应的材料,如图2所示[ SUN A H, MA S W, SHI X L, et al. 4D printing of temperature-responsive composites with programmable thermochromic deformation bifunctional[J]. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 2024, 368: 115138. ZHANG J F, YANG X, LI W X, et al. 4D printed multifunctional wearable strain sensors with programmable sensing characteristics[J]. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2024, 275: 111346. ZHANG Y B, RAZA A, XUE Y Q, et al. Water-responsive 4D printing based on self-assembly of hydrophobic protein “Zein” for the control of degradation rate and drug release[J]. Bioactive Materials, 2023, 23: 343–352. LIN C, HUANG Z P, WANG Q L, et al. Mass-producible near-body temperature-triggered 4D printed shape memory biocomposites and their application in biomimetic intestinal stents[J]. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2023, 256: 110623. 25-28]。Sun等[ SUN A H, MA S W, SHI X L, et al. 4D printing of temperature-responsive composites with programmable thermochromic deformation bifunctional[J]. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 2024, 368: 115138. 25]在硅胶中掺杂石蜡颗粒与热致变色颗粒,通过直接墨水书写技术(Direct ink writing,DIW)制备了双响应4D打印复合材料,实现了多维颜色可编程的变色变形智能结构,如图2(a)所示。在医疗方面,4D打印结构因其变形反应迅速、可重复使用、生物降解性好被应用于支架、健康检测装置等。Zhang等[ ZHANG J F, YANG X, LI W X, et al. 4D printed multifunctional wearable strain sensors with programmable sensing characteristics[J]. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2024, 275: 111346. 26]将4D打印双层夹缝结构与传感器结合,设计了一种多功能智能传感器,如图2(b)所示,可以持续检测脉搏、吞咽、屈膝等人体动作。Zhang等[ ZHANG Y B, RAZA A, XUE Y Q, et al. Water-responsive 4D printing based on self-assembly of hydrophobic protein “Zein” for the control of degradation rate and drug release[J]. Bioactive Materials, 2023, 23: 343–352. 27]提出了一种受疏水性蛋白原纤维形成机制启发的植物蛋白凝胶的4D打印方法,按照该方法制备的神经导管和药物运输系统可有效完成任务,如图2(c)所示,可以更改打印材料以获得具有转化潜力的4D打印医疗设备。Lin等[ LIN C, HUANG Z P, WANG Q L, et al. Mass-producible near-body temperature-triggered 4D printed shape memory biocomposites and their application in biomimetic intestinal stents[J]. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2023, 256: 110623. 28]针对人体内温度低于普遍热刺激形状记忆聚合物复合材料这一特点,研究了具有可控转化温度的4D打印形状记忆生物复合材料,并基于波浪仿生网络设计了肠道支架,如图2(d)所示,表现出高度的灵活性及减少肠道刺激的特点。因此,当前对4D打印的界定正从“随时间变化的形变系统”逐步演进为一种融合智能材料特性、响应几何逻辑与数据驱动设计的综合性可编程制造范式。
图2 可编程响应刺激多功能智能材料4D打印
Fig.2 Programmable stimuli-responsive multifunctional smart materials for 4D printing
立体光固化成型技术(Stereolithography apparatus,SLA)在4D打印中常用于制造精密复杂的微结构,液态树脂在SLA系统中的光源诱导下聚合并交联成固化聚合物,通过光源的能量令材料发生固化反应,从而获得固体结构[ LI W L, WANG M, MA H L, et al. Stereolithography apparatus and digital light processing-based 3D bioprinting for tissue fabrication[J]. iScience, 2023, 26(2): 106039. 29]。其主要优势在于高分辨率和尺寸精确性,能够实现细致的设计细节,对于构建微尺度的智能响应结构具有显著优势。然而,这一工艺的局限在于材料选择的限制,光固化技术主要依赖光敏树脂,而这些树脂在响应的多样性和机械性能上相对单一,限制了光固化在多功能4D材料开发中的应用。
熔融沉积技术(Fused deposition modeling,FDM)则以其材料多样性和低成本被广泛应用于4D打印,该技术不发生化学反应,可通过加热固体细丝使其融化,经喷头喷出逐层制备结构[ CANO-VICENT A, TAMBUWALA M M, HASSAN S S, et al. Fused deposition modelling: Current status, methodology, applications and future prospects[J]. Additive Manufacturing, 2021, 47: 102378. 30]。该工艺允许使用多种热塑性材料,并且可以通过切换喷头实现多材料打印,从而在设计复杂响应行为中提供了一定的灵活性。然而,熔融沉积在制造精细结构时分辨率较低,层厚和表面光滑度有限,这在某些需要高精度和复杂微结构的4D打印应用中可能成为瓶颈。
DIW是一种广泛使用的增材制造工艺,通过将柔性材料组合物挤出并沉积在基底上,实现三维结构的制造[ SAADI M A S R, MAGUIRE A, POTTACKAL N T, et al. Direct ink writing: A 3D printing technology for diverse materials[J]. Advanced Materials, 2022, 34(28): 2108855. 31]。这一技术具有简单灵活的工艺流程和对材料多样性的适应性,能够处理各种黏性流体,包括陶瓷浆料、生物材料、导电油墨和聚合物溶液,使其在陶瓷制造、组织工程、电子器件等领域具有重要应用,此外加工温度相对较低,适合对热敏材料进行处理。然而,DIW技术的分辨率受限于材料的黏度和喷嘴的尺寸,相对于其他精密增材制造技术,通常较低,此技术对材料的流变性能要求较高,必须精确调控材料的黏度和剪切特性以确保流动性与形状保持的平衡,这增加了材料制备的复杂性和难度。
力学超材料是通过精确设计其几何结构而赋予特殊力学性能的材料,其力学响应不仅取决于材料的本征组成,还来源于其宏观或微观结构的设计。这类材料通过优化单元结构的排列,实现了传统材料难以达到的力学性能,如负泊松比、负刚度、可编程非线性行为以及双稳态等[ 张志, 宋波, 王晓波, 等. 吸能的力学超材料设计与增材制造研究现状及趋势[J]. 中国激光, 2022, 49(14): 1402301.ZHANG Zhi, SONG Bo, WANG Xiaobo, et al. Research status and trend of design and addictive manufacturing for mechanical metamaterials with energy absorption[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2022, 49(14): 1402301. 杨慧, 杨彦飞, 王岩, 等. 内向同构二次分层内凹六边形超材料力学特性建模与分析[J]. 宇航学报, 2025, 46(3): 532–543.YANG Hui, YANG Yanfei, WANG Yan, et al. Modeling and analysis of mechanical properties of internal isomorphic secondary hierarchical re-entrant hexagonal metamaterials[J]. Journal of Astronautics, 2025, 46(3): 532–543. LIU W L, WU L L, SUN J B, et al. Tunable multifunctional metamaterial sandwich panel with quasi-zero stiffness lattice cores: Load-bearing, energy absorption, and vibration isolation[J]. Advanced Materials Technologies, 2024, 9(4): 2301586. WANG C, HUANG Z X, CHEN Z H, et al. A novel polar mechanical metamaterial with dual deformation characteristics[J]. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 2024, 264: 108827. 32-35]。与传统材料依赖原子或分子排列决定其力学性质不同,力学超材料通过精确的结构设计,能够表现出多种非线性和异常力学效应,这些特性拓宽了结构设计的范畴,开辟了为特定需求定制功能的新途径,如图3所示[ GAO S S, LIU W D, ZHANG L C, et al. A new polymer-based mechanical metamaterial with tailorable large negative Poisson’s ratios[J]. Polymers, 2020, 12(7): 1492. LIU Y Z, PAN F, XIONG F, et al. Ultrafast shape-reconfigurable chiral mechanical metamaterial based on prestressed bistable shells[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2023, 33(25): 2300433. CHEN T, PAULY M, REIS P M. A reprogrammable mechanical metamaterial with stable memory[J]. Nature, 2021, 589(7842): 386–390. PAN Y, ZHOU Y, GAO Q, et al. A novel 3D polygonal double-negative mechanical metamaterial with negative stiffness and negative Poisson’s ratio[J]. Composite Structures, 2024, 331: 117878. 36-39]。
图3 具有不同力学性质的力学超材料
Fig.3 Mechanical metamaterials with tunable mechanical properties
力学超材料的显著特点之一是材料可通过单元胞的集体相互作用展现新兴的力学现象。负泊松比力学超材料是一类具有反常变形行为的新型材料,独特性主要体现为受横向压缩时会发生横向膨胀,而非传统材料的横向收缩,具备增强的剪切模量和能量吸收能力。Gao等[ GAO S S, LIU W D, ZHANG L C, et al. A new polymer-based mechanical metamaterial with tailorable large negative Poisson’s ratios[J]. Polymers, 2020, 12(7): 1492. 36]基于圆柱壳单元设计了一种可调控大负泊松比的力学超材料,如图3(a)所示,可降低44.02%的应力集中并增加55.8%的泊松比。双稳态特性也是力学超材料的一大优势,其设计可使材料在平衡状态下能够表现出多个稳定的构型,尤其适用于需要可重构或能量耗散的应用。这类超材料通常通过非线性翻转或双稳态单元元素来实现,其设计可以借助潜在能量景观分析进行优化。Liu等[ LIU Y Z, PAN F, XIONG F, et al. Ultrafast shape-reconfigurable chiral mechanical metamaterial based on prestressed bistable shells[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2023, 33(25): 2300433. 37]提出了一种基于预应力双稳态金属壳的手性力学超材料,材料具有反应迅速、振幅大、效能高的特点,并基于力学超材料设计了一种捕获结构,如图3(b)所示,可快速捕获移动的物体。力学可编程性则进一步增强了这些材料的适应性,使得它们能够在制造后通过外部刺激或结构重配置调整其力学性能,从而转变为具有高度响应性的自适应系统。Chen等[ CHEN T, PAULY M, REIS P M. A reprogrammable mechanical metamaterial with stable memory[J]. Nature, 2021, 589(7842): 386–390. 38]通过使用可平铺力学超材料的设计框架令超材料展现出类似于数字设备的机械可重编程性能,采用磁驱动的方式实现双稳态的转化,如图3(c)所示,以此作为二进制元件,通过配置不同超材料单元的状态实现对应变能密度的可编程性调控。
近年来的研究着眼于将多种力学功能集成到单一力学超材料平台中,探索具有刚度可调、能量吸收及振动隔离等多重功能的混合超材料,这些多功能超材料通常依赖于跨越多个尺度的分层结构设计,使得局部和整体变形模式之间能够有效协同。Pan等[ PAN Y, ZHOU Y, GAO Q, et al. A novel 3D polygonal double-negative mechanical metamaterial with negative stiffness and negative Poisson’s ratio[J]. Composite Structures, 2024, 331: 117878. 39]结合了Auxetic框架和圆顶设计了一种三维多边形双负超材料,如图3(d)所示,展示出负刚度与负泊松比的力学性能,结合有限元仿真和理论计算给出了不同多变形框架下的超材料结构,在能量吸收方面和减振方面具有一定应用潜力。力学超材料的性能在很大程度上依赖于其组成单元的空间组织和连接方式,常见的晶格结构,如八节点桁架、加尔盖格晶格和尖晶石结构,常被应用于实现理想的力学响应[ 罗耿, 肖尧之, 薛凯峰, 等. 基于晶界强化的多晶体点阵超材料设计与耐撞性研究[J]. 汽车工程, 2024, 46(12): 2209–2219.LUO Geng, XIAO Yaozhi, XUE Kaifeng, et al. Study on design and crashworthiness of polycrystal lattice metamaterials based on grain boundary strengthening[J]. Automotive Engineering, 2024, 46(12): 2209–2219. WANG P, YANG F, ZHENG B L, et al. Breaking the tradeoffs between different mechanical properties in bioinspired hierarchical lattice metamaterials[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2023, 33(45): 2305978. ZHANG L W, BAI Z H, ZHANG Q, et al. On vibration isolation performance and crashworthiness of a three-dimensional lattice metamaterial[J]. Engineering Structures, 2023, 292: 116510. 40-42]。随着设计复杂度的增加,对高效且可扩展制造技术的需求日益增长,这为力学超材料与4D打印技术的融合提供了重要的技术基础。
1.4 4D打印在力学超材料制造中的应用
4D打印与力学超材料的结合推动了新型自适应、可重构及可编程材料的开发。这一融合利用了超材料在几何设计上的优势与4D打印的时间响应特性,能够制造出通过受控变形路径、力学性能调节或拓扑结构变化主动响应外部环境刺激的系统。与传统制造方法不同,4D打印赋予了力学超材料在单元胞层面实现功能性转变的能力,使得复杂的宏观行为能够通过局部驱动实现。这一特性为定制化设计和精准控制提供了新的可能[ 辛晓洲, 刘立武, 刘彦菊, 冷劲松. 4D 打印可重构力学超材料的结构设计及应用演示[C]. 西安:中国力学大会, 2022.Xin Xiaozhou, LIU Liwu, LIU Yanju, et al. Structural design and application demonstration of 4D printing reconfigurable mechanical metamaterials[C]. Xi’an: Chinese Congress of Throretical and Applied Mechanics, 2022. 程子梁, 吴伟山, 王象鹏, 等. 骨组织4D生物打印: 最先进的新兴技术[J]. 实用骨科杂志, 2023, 29(10): 960.CHENG Ziliang, WU Weishan, WANG Xiangpeng, et al. 4D bioprinting of bone tissue: The most advanced emerging technology[J]. Journal of Practical Orthopaedics, 2023, 29(10): 960. BODAGHI M, LIAO W H. 4D printed tunable mechanical metamaterials with shape memory operations[J]. Smart Materials and Structures, 2019, 28(4): 045019. ZHOU X L, REN L Q, SONG Z Y, et al. Advances in 3D/4D printing of mechanical metamaterials: From manufacturing to applications[J]. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2023, 254: 110585. 43-46]。
此外,4D打印赋予力学超材料的双稳态性与可重编程性是其关键特性之一。利用形状记忆效应或应力诱导转变,单一打印结构能够表现出多个力学状态,每个状态具有不同的刚度、阻尼或形态特征[ XU P L, LAN X, ZENG C J, et al. Compression behavior of 4D printed metamaterials with various Poisson's ratios[J]. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 2024, 264: 108819. ZHOU X L, LIU H P, ZHANG J F, et al. 4D printed bio-inspired polygonal metamaterials with tunable mechanical properties[J]. Thin-Walled Structures, 2024, 205: 112609. PASINI C, INVERARDI N, BATTINI D, et al. Experimental investigation and modeling of the temperature memory effect in a 4D-printed auxetic structure[J]. Smart Materials and Structures, 2022, 31(9): 095021. 47-49],这使得其在动态环境下的应用具有显著优势。此外,4D打印引入的时变力学功能进一步拓宽了设计空间,时序激活编程使得超材料晶格能够实现顺序部署、折叠或锁定等复杂功能,这些功能是传统制造方法无法实现的[ LIU H, LIU Z Y, DUAN G F, et al. Geometric design of 4D printed bilayer structures for accurate folding deformation[J]. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2022, 33(8): 1046–1055. NARUMI K, KOYAMA K, SUTO K, et al. Inkjet 4D print: Self-folding tessellated origami objects by inkjet UV printing[J]. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 2023, 42(4): 1–13. ZHAO Y D, LAI J H, WANG M. 4D printing of self-folding hydrogel tubes for potential tissue engineering applications[J]. Nano LIFE, 2021, 11(4): 2141001. 50-52]。然而,如何在长期加载或循环过程中精确控制驱动路径与力学性能,仍是当前研究的重要挑战。为了实现4D打印力学超材料的最大潜力,研究人员正在开发高分辨率的多材料4D打印技术,以亚mm精度沉积异质材料,推动超材料设计复杂性的实现。同时,基于机器学习与有限元模拟的逆向设计算法也在不断优化,以预测和调控系统在各种刺激下的动态行为。通过数据驱动建模、智能材料与增材制造的深度融合,4D打印力学超材料在结构材料领域正成为一个变革性研究方向。
2 4D打印力学超材料的研究进展
2.1 可调泊松比力学超材料
负泊松比力学超材料(AMMs)因其卓越的机械性能,如增强的能量吸收、抗凹陷能力和剪切模量,被广泛关注。结合4D打印技术,AMMs的设计逐步从静态的再入或手性几何结构转向动态的刺激响应系统,从而实现可重构的力学性能。拓扑结构与智能材料的协同作用为空间与时间上定制泊松比响应提供了新的机遇[ LIN C, ZHANG L J, LIU Y J, et al. 4D printing of personalized shape memory polymer vascular stents with negative Poisson’s ratio structure: A preliminary study[J]. Science China Technological Sciences, 2020, 63(4): 578–588. 张宪超, 刘少岗, 王鹏飞, 等. 4D打印PLA和CF/PLA蜂窝结构参数对形状记忆性能的影响[J]. 工程塑料应用, 2025, 53(3): 112–117, 126.ZHANG Xianchao, LIU Shaogang, WANG Pengfei, et al. Effects of 4D printing PLA and CF/PLA honeycomb structure parameters on shape memory performance[J]. Engineering Plastics Application, 2025, 53(3): 112–117, 126. HASSANIN H, ABENA A, ELSAYED M A, et al. 4D printing of NiTi auxetic structure with improved ballistic performance[J]. Micromachines, 2020, 11(8): 745. KLADOVASILAKIS N, KYRIAKIDIS I F, TZIMTZIMIS E K, et al. Development of 4D-printed arterial stents utilizing bioinspired architected auxetic materials[J]. Biomimetics, 2025, 10(2): 78. 53-56]。零泊松比4D打印力学超材料是一类具有特殊力学性能的智能材料,其核心特征是在受力变形过程中,横向尺寸变化与轴向应变保持严格线性关系,使材料体积保持恒定。这种独特性源于精心设计的微观结构拓扑,通过精密控制单元几何构型和连接方式,实现应变过程中的体积不变性。与传统负泊松比和正泊松比材料不同,零泊松比材料在力学响应上呈现出更为复杂和可调控的行为。通过4D打印技术,研究者可以在微观尺度上精确构建具有特定对称性和连接模式的结构单元,赋予材料在外部刺激下的可编程变形能力,如图4所示[ LIU K, HAN L, HU W X, et al. 4D printed zero Poisson’s ratio metamaterial with switching function of mechanical and vibration isolation performance[J]. Materials & Design, 2020, 196: 109153. 10, REN L, WU W Z, REN L Q, et al. 3D printing of auxetic metamaterials with high-temperature and programmable mechanical properties[J]. Advanced Materials Technologies, 2022, 7(9): 2101546. YANG H W, HUANG S, ZHANG H, et al. 4D printed zero Poisson’s ratio metamaterials with vibration isolation properties for magnetic response[J]. Smart Materials and Structures, 2024, 33(2): 025015. DONG K, PANAHI-SARMAD M, CUI Z Y, et al. Electro-induced shape memory effect of 4D printed auxetic composite using PLA/TPU/CNT filament embedded synergistically with continuous carbon fiber: A theoretical & experimental analysis[J]. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2021, 220: 108994. 57-59]。Ren等[ REN L, WU W Z, REN L Q, et al. 3D printing of auxetic metamaterials with high-temperature and programmable mechanical properties[J]. Advanced Materials Technologies, 2022, 7(9): 2101546. 57]设计了具有负泊松比的Auxetic力学超材料,如图4(a)所示,为提高热刺激温度,选取高性能聚合物聚醚醚酮(PEEK)作为填充材料,相变温度可达到170 ℃且具备优异的热稳定性。Liu等[ LIU K, HAN L, HU W X, et al. 4D printed zero Poisson’s ratio metamaterial with switching function of mechanical and vibration isolation performance[J]. Materials & Design, 2020, 196: 109153. 10]将六边形蜂窝和凹形蜂窝进行组合,通过4D打印制备了热刺激响应的零泊松比力学超材料,如图4(b)所示,可根据热激励调整结构的刚度及能量吸收能力。Yang等[ YANG H W, HUANG S, ZHANG H, et al. 4D printed zero Poisson’s ratio metamaterials with vibration isolation properties for magnetic response[J]. Smart Materials and Structures, 2024, 33(2): 025015. 58]基于相同结构从磁激励4D打印角度进行研究,探究了软磁颗粒含量对于结构结构力学性能的影响,如图4(c)所示。Dong等[ DONG K, PANAHI-SARMAD M, CUI Z Y, et al. Electro-induced shape memory effect of 4D printed auxetic composite using PLA/TPU/CNT filament embedded synergistically with continuous carbon fiber: A theoretical & experimental analysis[J]. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2021, 220: 108994. 59]使用PLA/TPU/CNT丝与连续碳纤维协同嵌入4D打印,制备出Auxetic负泊松比力学超材料(CFRSMCs),如图4(d)所示,表现出优秀的机械性能与快速的电感应,可用于小规模可展开桁架或其他轻型智能组件制备。
图4 可调泊松比力学超材料设计
Fig.4 Design of mechanical metamaterials with adjustable Poisson’s ratio
刚度可调力学超材料因其能够在外部刺激作用下可逆调节机械刚度,成为自适应负载转移、振动控制和可部署结构等应用中的关键材料。4D打印技术不仅可以通过材料变化实现刚度调节,还可将结构设计与驱动机制相结合,通过时间调控内部应力状态或几何结构,从而实现刚度的精确可调[ 鲍瑞雪, 齐臣, 田香玉. Kagome点阵夹芯超材料的汽车前围板隔振特性研究[J]. 噪声与振动控制, 2025, 45(1): 184–189.BAO Ruixue, QI Chen, TIAN Xiangyu. Vibration isolation characteristics of automobile front coaming based on kagome lattice sandwich metamaterial[J]. Noise and Vibration Control, 2025, 45(1): 184–189. YOUSUF M H, ABUZAID W, ALKHADER M. 4D printed auxetic structures with tunable mechanical properties[J]. Additive Manufacturing, 2020, 35: 101364. ZHANG Q, KUANG X, WENG S Y, et al. Shape-memory balloon structures by pneumatic multi-material 4D printing[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2021, 31(21): 2010872. 60-62]。这种能力使得在动态环境中对材料性能的实时调整成为可能,显著扩展了其在智能结构中的应用潜力,如图5所示[ ZHANG X C, HAN Y S, ZHU M, et al. Bio-inspired 4D printed intelligent lattice metamaterials with tunable mechanical property[J]. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 2024, 272: 109198. 11, VAN MANEN T, DEHABADI V M, SALDÍVAR M C, et al. Theoretical stiffness limits of 4D printed self-folding metamaterials[J]. Communications Materials, 2022, 3: 43. HAMZEHEI R, BODAGHI M, WU N. Bio-inspired design and 4D printing of multi‐stiffness wavy metamaterial energy absorbers/dissipators with shape recovery features[J]. Engineering Structures, 2025, 327: 119538. ZHANG S S, JIANG P, QI J X, et al. Adjustable indentation and vibration isolation performances of nacre-like metamaterial[J]. International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials, 2023, 14(3): 303–320. 63-65]。
图5 可调刚度力学超材料设计
Fig.5 Design of mechanical metamaterials with tunable stiffness
Zhang等[ ZHANG X C, HAN Y S, ZHU M, et al. Bio-inspired 4D printed intelligent lattice metamaterials with tunable mechanical property[J]. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 2024, 272: 109198. 11]基于人体脊柱和龟壳中起承载作用的弧形结构设计了4D打印多功能智能超材料,可通过改变温度、结构尺寸和预先编程高度以调控超材料的力学性能,如图5(a)所示,达到兼备可重复使用性与可调刚度、能量吸收能力和减振效果的目的,同时他们提出了一种新的智能材料与结构耦合理论计算模型,将单位载荷法和改进的自由体图方法相结合,在预测超材料的力学性能方面显示出很高的准确性。折纸超材料旨在通过折纸的方式实现从二维图片转变为三维结构,4D打印技术的运用使得折纸超材料可以应用于展开结构的设计。然而,折叠过程和随后的3D结构承重的相反刚度要求在设计自折叠超材料时施加内在的限制:成功完成自折叠步骤需要低刚度,而利用折叠结构作为承重机械超材料需要高刚度,Van-manen等[ VAN MANEN T, DEHABADI V M, SALDÍVAR M C, et al. Theoretical stiffness limits of 4D printed self-folding metamaterials[J]. Communications Materials, 2022, 3: 43. 63]针对该现象提出了一个由主动层和被动层组成的自折叠双层结构的非线性解析模型,如图5(b)所示,该有限变形理论模型预测了激活双层的曲率,建立了它们的稳定性极限,并估计了折叠双层的刚度,从而得出了自折叠双层的理论刚度极限。
Hamzehei等[ HAMZEHEI R, BODAGHI M, WU N. Bio-inspired design and 4D printing of multi‐stiffness wavy metamaterial energy absorbers/dissipators with shape recovery features[J]. Engineering Structures, 2025, 327: 119538. 64]设计一种波浪形超材料结构,如图5(c)所示,通过功能分级波浪形单元实现了在压缩过程中获得准零刚度,在混合单元超材料时增强了压缩时的稳定性。Zhang等[ ZHANG S S, JIANG P, QI J X, et al. Adjustable indentation and vibration isolation performances of nacre-like metamaterial[J]. International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials, 2023, 14(3): 303–320. 65]基于4D打印的形状记忆聚合物和仿生设计方法,提出了一种具有形状记忆效应和可编程力学性能的软硬相混合仿生超材料,如图5(d)所示,通过试验解释了力学性能、隔振行为和可调性能,给出了变形和隔振的可调功能机制。
4D打印仿生力学超材料是一类融合仿生学、材料科学和先进制造技术的创新性材料系统,通过模仿自然界生物体的结构和功能特征,构建具有智能响应和自适应能力的先进材料。这类超材料的核心特征是在外部刺激下能够主动、可预测地改变其几何形态和力学性能,实现类生物系统的动态调控[ OU X C, HUANG J Q, HUANG D T, et al.4D-printed snake-like biomimetic soft robots[J]. Bio-Design and Manufacturing , 2025, 8: 55–67. 孙丹宁. 仿生4D打印出可变形血管支架[N]. 中国科学报, 2024–10–16(003).SUN Danning. Bionic 4D printed deformable vascular scaffold[N]. China Science Daily, 2024–10–16(003). GU T F, BI H J, SUN H, et al. Design and development of 4D-printed cellulose nanofibers reinforced shape memory polymer composites: Application for self-deforming plant bionic soft grippers[J]. Additive Manufacturing, 2023, 70: 103544. LIN C, HUANG Z P, WANG Q L, et al. 4D printing of overall radiopaque customized bionic occlusion devices[J]. Advanced Healthcare Materials, 2023, 12(4): 2201999. 66-69]。
在微观结构设计上,4D打印仿生力学超材料通常借鉴生物系统的层次化结构和功能单元。研究者通过精密控制材料的微观拓扑结构、组分分布和能量响应机制,赋予材料类生物的感知、响应和自修复能力,如图6所示[ ZHANG J F, MENG S W, WANG B F, et al. Bio-inspired sinusoidal metamaterials: Design, 4D printing, energy-absorbing properties[J]. Machines, 2024, 12(11): 813. 12, LI N, ZHAO W, LI F F, et al. A 4D-printed programmable soft network with fractal design and adjustable hydrophobic performance[J]. Matter, 2023, 6(3): 940–962. XIN X Z, WANG Z C, ZENG C J, et al. 4D printing bio-inspired chiral metamaterials for flexible sensors[J]. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2024, 286: 111761. ZHAO W, ZHU J, LIU L W, et al. A bio-inspired 3D metamaterials with chirality and anti-chirality topology fabricated by 4D printing[J]. International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials, 2023, 14(1): 1–20. 70-72]。这种设计方法不仅模仿生物系统的结构特征,更重要的是捕捉其本质的功能机制。螳螂虾的下颌足可产生极强的冲击力并可承受5万次左右敲击,是一种高效的吸能结构,Zhang等[ ZHANG J F, MENG S W, WANG B F, et al. Bio-inspired sinusoidal metamaterials: Design, 4D printing, energy-absorbing properties[J]. Machines, 2024, 12(11): 813. 12]结合螳螂虾的下颌足结构,面向传统的吸能元件在复杂工况下的可调节性有限这一问题,设计了一种仿生正弦超材料,如图6(a)所示,具有可编程的能量吸收特性,可与传统的能量吸收材料相媲美。在几十亿年的生物进化中,鲨鱼、壁虎、荷叶等生物进化出具有表面疏水性和自清洁能力的复杂微结构表面,Li等[ LI N, ZHAO W, LI F F, et al. A 4D-printed programmable soft network with fractal design and adjustable hydrophobic performance[J]. Matter, 2023, 6(3): 940–962. 70]受到疏水微结构启发,设计了具有分形设计和可调节疏水性能的 4D 打印可编程软网络,如图6(b)所示,将超材料与形状记忆仿生电极集成,证明其具有可调节的疏水和电性能。由此衍生的健康监测传感器被证明具有根据外部刺激的电气和机械性能的重新配置能力,对信号反馈具有高灵敏度,具有高度的灵活性和对人体的顺应性。人体皮肤等生物组织可以发生较大的变形与其中波浪形胶原纤维密切相关,Xin等[ XIN X Z, WANG Z C, ZENG C J, et al. 4D printing bio-inspired chiral metamaterials for flexible sensors[J]. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2024, 286: 111761. 71]受生物组织胶原纤维构型的启发,设计了具有波韧带的生物启发手性超材料,如图6(c)所示,展示了超材料在热刺激下的可编程结构和可重构特性,并基于此设计了一种运动状态监测器,用于监测佩戴者的运动,例如跑步,展示了其在柔性电子等领域的潜在应用前景。Zhao等[ ZHAO W, ZHU J, LIU L W, et al. A bio-inspired 3D metamaterials with chirality and anti-chirality topology fabricated by 4D printing[J]. International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials, 2023, 14(1): 1–20. 72]参考病毒中存在的面旋转多面体结构开发了创新的三维手性和反手性超材料,如图6(d)所示,通过将平面三角形单元组装成规则的八面体单元,由不同的组装方法获得几种典型形式的手性和反手性超材料。通过试验证明,手性超材料表现出张力–扭曲耦合行为,且具有较大的变形能力和形状记忆特性。
基于上述技术特性,4D打印力学超材料在航空航天领域展现一定的应用潜力。在航空航天工程中,结构部件的质量–强度比是衡量其性能的重要指标。如何在确保甚至提升结构完整性的同时实现质量减轻,已成为材料科学研究中的关键课题,尤其是在轻质高强材料的设计方面取得显著进展。尽管传统材料在强度与耐久性方面已得到优化,但在质量控制和性能平衡上仍面临诸多挑战。4D打印力学超材料凭借其复杂几何构型和力学性能可编程的特性,为实现结构轻量化与高机械强度的协同提供了全新的技术路径,如图7所示[ ZHENG H K, SUN Y, HAN S H, et al. Rigid–flexible coupling design and reusable impact mitigation of the hierarchical-bistable hybrid metamaterials[J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2024, 194: 105075. 13, BODAGHI M, NAMVAR N, YOUSEFI A, et al. Metamaterial boat fenders with supreme shape recovery and energy absorption/dissipation via FFF 4D printing[J]. Smart Materials and Structures, 2023, 32(9): 095028. YAO S J, ZHOU H, GAO T Y, et al. Origami-inspired highly impact-resistant metamaterial with loading-associated mechanism and localization mitigation[J]. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 2025, 290: 110114. ZHU X R, ZHANG J Y, CHEN W, et al. Tension-twist coupling morphing wing using a novel mechanical metamaterial[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2024, 155: 109745. ZHILYAEV I, ANERAO N, KOTTAPALLI A G P, et al. Fully-printed metamaterial-type flexible wings with controllable flight characteristics[J]. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, 2022, 17(2): 025002. 73-76]。
图7 4D打印力学超材料在航空航天领域轻量化与高强度应用
Fig.7 Applications of 4D-printed mechanical metamaterials in aerospace for lightweight and high-strength structures
4D打印与力学超材料的结合使得轻质部件能够针对特定载荷条件展现定制化的强度与韧性表现。Zheng等[ ZHENG H K, SUN Y, HAN S H, et al. Rigid–flexible coupling design and reusable impact mitigation of the hierarchical-bistable hybrid metamaterials[J]. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2024, 194: 105075. 13]提出了一种具有刚柔耦合的分层–双稳态混合超材料,具备出色的缓冲性能和对多重冲击的保护,如图7(a)所示,该超材料在降低冲击响应的同时,将其结构的塑性应变降低了60%,从而防止了核心部件的过早失效,在航天器着陆保护方面有巨大应用潜力。Bodaghi等[ BODAGHI M, NAMVAR N, YOUSEFI A, et al. Metamaterial boat fenders with supreme shape recovery and energy absorption/dissipation via FFF 4D printing[J]. Smart Materials and Structures, 2023, 32(9): 095028. 73]针对轮船护舷设计了一种新颖保护结构,如图7(b)所示,由蜂窝状、凹入和凹入手性辅助图案的不同超材料组成,具有卓越的能量吸收和形状恢复功能,促进了结构使用的可持续性,该结构同样可以应用于航天器支架的抗冲击保护层。Yao等[ YAO S J, ZHOU H, GAO T Y, et al. Origami-inspired highly impact-resistant metamaterial with loading-associated mechanism and localization mitigation[J]. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 2025, 290: 110114. 74]基于折纸运动学,提出了一种具有增强抗冲击能力的新型超材料,其能量吸收能力与三轴载荷均相关,采用轻气枪射出高速弹丸以检验结构的抗冲击性能,如图7(c)所示,并以有限元仿真加以检验。Zhu等[ ZHU X R, ZHANG J Y, CHEN W, et al. Tension-twist coupling morphing wing using a novel mechanical metamaterial[J]. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2024, 155: 109745. 75]将拉扭耦合的超材料融入机翼的设计,提出了一种张力–扭转耦合变形翼,如图7(d)所示,可以通过相对较小的驱动力来实现有价值的机翼扭曲,这可以显著改善整体空气动力学性能。这种实现变形机翼扭曲变形的新方法减少了对其驱动系统的需求。Zhilyaev等[ ZHILYAEV I, ANERAO N, KOTTAPALLI A G P, et al. Fully-printed metamaterial-type flexible wings with controllable flight characteristics[J]. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, 2022, 17(2): 025002. 76]受昆虫翅膀的启发,设计了具有周期性图案的人工机翼,如图7(e)所示,并探索了如何使用图案几何形状来控制机翼的空气动力学和声学特性,通过试验验证了机翼的稳定性与空气动力学特性。
此外,负泊松比力学超材料在航空航天领域具有独特优势。此类结构在受拉时呈现横向扩张行为,相较于常规材料表现出更强的能量吸收与抗断裂能力。Li等[ LI B X, XIN X Z, LIN C, et al. Compressive properties and energy absorption of 4D printed auxetic mechanical metamaterials[J]. Composite Structures, 2024, 340: 118135. 77]提出了一种具有负泊松比和能量吸收能力的增材机械超材料,通过LCD光固化打印技术制备,可以在外部刺激和力的作用下从一种构型转变为另一种构型,并表现出不同的机械性能,展现出结构可编程和可重构的特性,进一步扩大了其在航空航天领域应用前景。
航空航天系统,尤其是航天器与再入飞行器,常处于极端热环境中,从大气层再入过程中产生的剧烈热流到深空环境中的极低温度,均对结构材料提出严苛要求。为保障系统的结构完整性与运行安全,高效的热防护系统至关重要。传统热防护材料如烧蚀型隔热层与陶瓷瓦片虽已广泛应用,但在应对极端条件时存在性能瓶颈,且多为一次性使用,质量较大,难以满足当前对轻质化与可重复使用的需求。4D打印力学超材料作为一种新兴技术,为开发具备自适应性、多功能性及可重复使用能力的热防护材料提供了创新路径,展现出显著的研究与应用潜力,如图8所示[ QIAO Y, YAN Z M, CHEN J W, et al. Study on thermal metamaterial for uniform surface temperature distribution[J]. Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications, 2024, 16(8): 081008. 14, WANG Z, ZHANG Y, NIU Y H, et al. Solar-radiation-dependent anisotropic thermal management device with net zero energy from 4D printing shape memory polymer-based composites[J]. Materials, 2023, 16(10): 3805. LIU X Y, ZHANG Y L, SU Y, et al. 4D printing of cellular silicones with negative stiffness effect for enhanced energy absorption and impact protection[J]. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2024, 282: 111561. ZHANG X W, HE X, WU L Z. Experimental investigation of thermal architected metamaterials for regulating transient heat transfer[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2022, 193: 122960. XIE H L, YIN H Y, XIA H, et al. Efficient radiative cooling with bi-rhombic metamaterial and its application in thermoelectric power generation[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2024, 222: 125176. 78-81]。
图8 具备热防护应用前景的4D打印力学超材料
Fig.8 4D-printed mechanical metamaterials with prospects for thermal protection applications
4D打印力学超材料在热防护中的关键优势在于其对热刺激的响应能力,能够在温度变化下实现结构或形状的主动调节,从而优化其热防护性能。Wang等[ WANG Z, ZHANG Y, NIU Y H, et al. Solar-radiation-dependent anisotropic thermal management device with net zero energy from 4D printing shape memory polymer-based composites[J]. Materials, 2023, 16(10): 3805. 78]将高导热BN纳米片进行波纹处理,结合聚乳酸基体制备了各向异性导热性的材料,在试件中的热流方向可编程切换,并制备了窗口模型验证其可切换性,如图8(a)所示,从概念上证明该研究可用于建筑围护结构中的热管理,以实现动态气候适应,并根据环境自动进行。Liu等[ LIU X Y, ZHANG Y L, SU Y, et al. 4D printing of cellular silicones with negative stiffness effect for enhanced energy absorption and impact protection[J]. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2024, 282: 111561. 79]通过嵌入热膨胀微球作为发泡剂,制造具有4D打印弯曲曲率和定制超机械性能的弯曲多孔硅胶泡沫,通过打印堆叠双层细丝,制造了具有多种高斯曲率形状的多孔有机硅,如图8(b)所示,同时制造了定制的负刚度超机械性能,表现出增强的能量吸收性能。Qian[ QIAO Y, YAN Z M, CHEN J W, et al. Study on thermal metamaterial for uniform surface temperature distribution[J]. Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications, 2024, 16(8): 081008. 14]等基于热力学变换理论,提出了一种能够实现均匀温度分布的热超材料,如图8(c)所示,通过交替使用不同长度的铝和聚酰亚胺制备出热超材料结构,该结构可以改变等温线的轮廓。Zhang等[ ZHANG X W, HE X, WU L Z. Experimental investigation of thermal architected metamaterials for regulating transient heat transfer[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2022, 193: 122960. 80]提出了一种热架构超材料,可以在不破坏稳态的情况下调节瞬态传热速度,超材料使用基于中性夹杂物理论的拓扑结构实现了效率,如图8(d)所示,可以连续控制热流速度,在工程轻质热防护材料方向有一定应用前景。Xie等[ XIE H L, YIN H Y, XIA H, et al. Efficient radiative cooling with bi-rhombic metamaterial and its application in thermoelectric power generation[J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2024, 222: 125176. 81]设计了双菱形辐射冷却超材料,如图8(e)所示,可以在不同入射角和传热系数下表现出优秀的冷却性能,可实现快速冷却与高效发电,提高能源利用效率。
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