微穿孔板–三周期极小曲面复合吸声超材料设计与声学特性研究

基金项目

广东省自然科学基金–面上项目2023A1515012704

中图分类号:

V231TB535

文献标识码:

A

通信作者

王关皓,助教,硕士,研究方向为超材料结构设计与增材制造。

编辑

责编 :晓月

流转信息

收稿日期 : 2025-05-12

退修日期 : 2025-06-03

录用日期 : 2025-07-29

引用格式

引文格式:张明康, 刘文斌, 陈杰, 等. 微穿孔板–三周期极小曲面复合吸声超材料设计与声学特性研究[J]. 航空制造技术, 2026, 69(1/2): 25010070.

Design and Acoustic Characterization of Microperforated Plate–Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Hybrid Acoustic Metamaterials

Citations

ZHANG Mingkang, LIU Wenbin, CHEN Jie, et al. Design and acoustic characterization of microperforated plate–triply periodic minimal surface hybrid acoustic metamaterials[J]. Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology, 2026, 69(1/2): 25010070.

航空制造技术    第69卷    第1/2期    56-70
Aeronautical Manufacturing Techinology    Vol.69    No.1/2 : 56-70
DOI: 10.16080/j.issn1671-833x.25010070
论坛 >> 超材料(FORUM >> Metamaterial)

微穿孔板–三周期极小曲面复合吸声超材料设计与声学特性研究

  • 张明康 1
  • 刘文斌 1
  • 陈杰 2
  • 王迪 3
  • 王关皓 1
1.广东海洋大学机械与能源工程学院阳江 529500
2.广东省科学院智能制造研究所广州 510000
3.华南理工大学机械与汽车工程学院广州 510000

通信作者

王关皓,助教,硕士,研究方向为超材料结构设计与增材制造。

基金项目

广东省自然科学基金–面上项目2023A1515012704

中图分类号:

V231TB535

文献标识码:

A

流转信息

收稿日期 : 2025-05-12     退修日期 : 2025-06-03     录用日期 : 2025-07-29     

引用格式

引文格式:张明康, 刘文斌, 陈杰, 等. 微穿孔板–三周期极小曲面复合吸声超材料设计与声学特性研究[J]. 航空制造技术, 2026, 69(1/2): 25010070.

摘要

针对航空航天低频噪音问题,将微穿孔板(Microperforated plate,MPP)和三周期极小曲面(Triply periodic minimal surface,TPMS)进行复合设计获得MPP–TPMS夹芯结构,实现了对中低频噪声的高效吸声,同时保持了轻量化与紧凑性优势。选用TPMS结构中的Primitive结构作为结构芯材,可通过设计穿孔板–腔体单元,形成亥姆霍兹共振器阵列。基于微穿孔板吸声理论和Johnson–Champoux–Allard等效流体理论,建立MPP–Primitive夹芯结构的吸声理论模型,探究局部共振效应和热粘滞耗散机制在声波衰减中的耦合作用。利用熔融沉积成型(Fused deposition modeling,FDM)技术制备样品,采用声阻抗管测试和有限元仿真,探究了微穿孔板、Primitive单元体尺寸、腔体厚度、MPP孔径对吸声特性的影响。结果表明,MPP结构与TPMS结构的组合设计,激活了结构中亥姆霍兹共振腔吸声机制,大幅提升吸声特性,吸声频带向低频区域移动,吸声峰值接近1;通过增大Primitive单元体尺寸,有效扩张共振腔体积,降低低频声阻抗,增强与低频声波声阻抗匹配,从而提升低频声波吸收效率;通过减小MPP孔径,使吸声峰峰值得到提升并向低频迁移;增加Primitive腔体厚度,延长声波传播路径,通过增强粘滞耗散与热传导效应将亥姆霍兹共振峰向低频迁移。这项工作为亚波长低频吸声MPP–TPMS复合吸声超材料制备提供了设计参考。

关键词

三周期极小曲面(Triply periodic minimal surface,TPMS);微穿孔板(Microperforated plate,MPP);夹芯结构;熔融沉积成型(Fused deposition modeling,FDM);声学超材料;

Design and Acoustic Characterization of Microperforated Plate–Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Hybrid Acoustic Metamaterials

  • ZHANG Mingkang 1
  • LIU Wenbin 1
  • CHEN Jie 2
  • WANG Di 3
  • WANG Guanhao 1
1.School of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Yangjiang 529500, China
2.Institute of Intelligent Manufacturing, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510000, China
3.School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China

Citations

ZHANG Mingkang, LIU Wenbin, CHEN Jie, et al. Design and acoustic characterization of microperforated plate–triply periodic minimal surface hybrid acoustic metamaterials[J]. Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology, 2026, 69(1/2): 25010070.

Abstract

Aimed at low-frequency noise in aerospace applications, a micro-perforated plate (MPP) and a Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) was combined as a MPP–TPMS sandwich structure. This structure achieves efficient mid-to-low frequency sound absorption while maintaining advantages in lightweight design and compactness. The Primitive structure in the TPMS structure was selected as the structural core material, and a Helmholtz resonator array can be formed by designing a perforated plate-cavity unit. Based on microperforated plate sound absorption theory and Johnson-Champoux-Allard equivalent fluid theory, a theoretical sound absorption model of the MPP–Primitive sandwich structure was established to explore the coupling effect of local resonance effect and thermal viscous dissipation mechanism in sound wave attenuation. Samples were fabricated by fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology. The effects of MPP, unit cell size of Primitive, cavity thickness, and MPP aperture on the acoustic properties of the sandwich structure were systematically investigated through acoustic impedance tube tests and finite element simulations. The results demonstrate that the combination of MPP and TPMS activates the sound absorption mechanism of the Helmholtz resonance cavity and greatly improves the sound absorption characteristics, and the sound absorption frequency band moves towards the low-frequency region, and the sound absorption peak is close to 1. Increasing the size of the Primitive effectively expands the volume of the resonance cavity, reduces the low-frequency acoustic impedance, and enhances the acoustic impedance matching with low-frequency sound waves, thereby improving the absorption efficiency of low-frequency sound waves. Reducing the MPP’s aperture and increasing the surface acoustic resistance of the structure effectively broadens the bandwidth of the sound absorption peak, greatly improving the peak value of the sound absorption and migrating it to low frequencies. Increasing the thickness of the primitive cavity, extending the sound wave propagation path, and migrating the Helmholtz resonance peak to low frequencies by enhancing viscous dissipation and heat conduction effects. This work provides support for the design of sub-wavelength low-frequency sound-absorbing MPP–TPMS composite sound-absorbing metamaterials.

Keywords

Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS); Microperforated plate (MPP); Sandwich structure; Fused deposition modeling (FDM); Acoustic metamaterials;



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与生物医学[  孙亚迪, 王岩, 董本超, 等. 三周期极小曲面骨支架生物学性能研究进展[J]. 中华骨与关节外科杂志, 2024(4): 371–376.SUN Yadi, WANG Yan, DONG Benchao, et al. Research progress on biological performance of triply periodic minimal surface bone scaffolds[J]. Chinese Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 2024(4): 371–376.
37
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等领域研究。基于TPMS芯层的夹芯结构可以获得良好的弯曲性能和能量吸收能力[  PENG C X, FOX K, QIAN M, et al. 3D printed sandwich beams with bioinspired cores: Mechanical performance and modelling[J]. Thin-Walled Structures, 2021, 161: 107471.
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,说明TPMS芯层具有优异的机械承载能力和结构轻量化潜力,能很好满足夹芯结构的力学性能需求。

关于TPMS结构吸声性能的研究主要集中在结构参数对吸声系数的影响。在中高频吸声研究方面,Li等[  LI Z H, ZHOU Y J, KONG X N, et al. Sound absorption performance of a micro-perforated plate sandwich structure based on selective laser melting[J]. Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 2024, 19(1): e2321607.
40
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通过声–振动模型与试验验证,揭示了微穿孔板Gyroid夹层结构的体积分数、面板厚度以及胞元层数在中高频段上吸声特性的调控规律。Kong等[  KONG X N, LIU B, LI Z H, et al. Research on sound absorption properties of tri-periodic minimal surface sandwich structure of selective laser melting titanium alloy[J]. Materials Transactions, 2023, 64(4): 861–868.
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探究体积分数、面板厚度以及胞元层数对两种不同TPMS类型的钛合金夹层结构声学性能的影响,其中,Gyriod结构以共振吸声为主;Diamond结构结合共振与粘性损失,层数增加使吸声带宽先增后降。Yang等[  YANG W J, AN J, CHUA C K, et al. Acoustic absorptions of multifunctional polymeric cellular structures based on triply periodic minimal surfaces fabricated by stereolithography[J]. Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 2020, 15(2): 242–249.
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对比了Primitive、Gyroid与Diamond 3种TPMS蜂窝结构,表明Diamond型结构在中高频(2000~6000 Hz)吸声最优,其性能随体积分数增大或晶胞尺寸减小而提升,且厚度调控可扩展有效频带。Zhang等[  ZHANG M K, LIU C, DENG M J, et al. Graded minimal surface structures with high specific strength for broadband sound absorption produced by laser powder bed fusion[J]. Coatings, 2023, 13(11): 1950.
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利用线性函数、二次函数以及正弦函数调控梯度渐变Gyriod结构的孔隙分布,探究了梯度方向和梯度变化对吸声特性的影响。在低频吸声方面,Zhang等[  ZHANG P F, LI Z H, ZHOU Y J, et al. Improved sound absorption with 3D-printed micro-perforated sandwich structures[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2025, 34: 855–865.
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通过TPMS夹层填充聚氨酯构建复合吸声体,实现中低频相对带宽拓宽23.86%且峰值频率低移至294 Hz,揭示低频共振与高频粘滞耗能的多机制协同规律。上述研究阐明了TPMS夹芯结构几何参数(孔隙率、体积分数、层数、腔体厚度以及面板厚度)对吸声性能的定向调控机制,为宽频高效吸声结构设计提供理论依据,但是其低频吸声特性仍然不足。

目前,微穿孔板TPMS夹层结构的声学研究主要聚焦于中高频段,而对1000 Hz以下的中低频吸声机制探索较为缺乏。本研究设计了一款由MPP结构、Primitive腔体及实心背板构成的吸声夹芯结构。基于微穿孔板吸声理论和Johnson–Champoux–Allard等效流体模型,利用传递矩阵法建立了MPP–Primitive复合结构的声阻抗理论模型。通过声学测试表征其声学特性,系统研究了MPP孔径、Primitive单元体尺寸及Primitive腔体厚度对吸声性能的影响规律。结合有限元仿真,深入分析了结构内部的声压分布、质点振速及能量耗散密度分布。试验、仿真与理论模型共同揭示了该结构在中低频段的吸声机理源于MPP局部共振效应、Primitive结构的热粘滞效应等多机制协同作用。

1     试验及方法

1.1     不同单元体尺寸的MPP+Primitive设计

TPMS是由隐式三角函数生成的复杂光滑曲面三维周期性结构[  AL-KETAN O, ABU AL-RUB R K. Multifunctional mechanical metamaterials based on triply periodic minimal surface lattices[J]. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2019, 21(10): 1900524.
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,可通过修改隐函数的参数调控单元体尺寸、孔隙率和结构几何形状等几何特征来精确控制结构的声学性能。其中,Primitive结构与微穿孔板(MPP)组成的夹芯结构通过单连通孔腔强化共振、立方对称全向吸声及易调参数,兼具制造稳定性和宽频适配性。故而本研究选定Primitive类型TPMS结构作为基础,设计了一款MPP–Primitive夹芯结构,探究其结构参数对低频吸声的影响。本文设计使用的Primitive三周期极小曲面隐式函数为

FPrimitive=10×[cos(2πxs)+cos(2πys)+cos(2πzs)]            5×[cos(2πxs)×cos(2πys)+cos(2πys)×                 cos(2πzs)+cos(2πzs)×cos(2πxs)]
(1)

为了探究Primitive单元体尺寸对吸声特性的影响,设计5种不同单元体尺寸的MPP–Primitive结构,通过改变式(1)中参数s的数值调整单元体尺寸,从左到右Primitive单元体尺寸分别设置为17.5 mm、15 mm、12.5 mm、10 mm、7.5 mm(图1)。

图1     不同单元体尺寸的Primitive结构
Fig.1     Primitive structures with different unit sizes

图2所示,在MATLAB R2023a(MathWorks Inc.,美国)中通过Primitive代码生成了不同Primitive单元体尺寸网格曲面,在Rhino7软件上(Robert McNeel & Associates,美国)将生成的obj文件格式转换成STL文件格式,再使用Materialise Magics 23.0(Materialise NV,比利时)软件对曲面网格进行修复,通过偏移操作添加0.8 mm的曲面厚度,并根据阻抗管尺寸对立方体模型进行布尔运算,得到直径为100 mm,厚度为30 mm的圆柱形Primitive腔体模型。将微穿孔板、实心背板和Primitive腔体进行拼装,获得MPP–Primitive夹芯结构模型。

图2     MPP–Primitive夹芯结构模型的设计流程
Fig.2     Design process of the MPP–Primitive sandwich structure model

设计具体参数如表1所示,在固定腔体厚度为30 mm的条件下,将试样分为穿孔板组与无穿孔板组进行对比试验,探究微穿孔板对结构吸声特性的影响。在MPP–Primitive结构试验组中,通过控制Primitive单元体尺寸作为单一变量,结合声学阻抗管测试以及有限元仿真,探究Primitive单元体尺寸对低频吸声性能的调控机制。

表1     不同Primitive单元体尺寸的MPP+Primitive夹芯结构参数
Table 1     Parameters of MPP+Primitive sandwich structures with different Primitive unit sizes
类型 结构厚度/mm Primitive腔体厚度/mm 微穿孔孔径/mm MPP孔隙率/% Primitive单元体尺寸/mm
MPP1+P–U7.5T30 32 30 1 2.814 7.5
MPP1+P–U10T30 32 30 1 1.499 10
MPP1+P–U12.5T30 32 30 1 0.920 12.5
MPP1+P–U15T30 32 30 1 0.640 15
MPP1+P–U17.5T30 32 30 1 0.491 17.5

1.2     不同厚度和直径的MPP+TPMS设计

在Primitive单元体尺寸固定的情况下,探究MMP的孔径大小以及Primitive腔体厚度对结构吸声特性的影响。表2为孔径–腔体结构设计参数,选定Primitive单元体尺寸为12.5 mm,穿孔板板厚为1 mm作为固定尺寸,以微穿孔板孔径(0.6/0.8/1/1.2/1.4 mm)与腔体厚度(20/30/40/50/60 mm)为自变量,两两组合构建25组试样,研究孔径–腔厚协同作用对低频吸声性能的影响。此外,增加1组不同腔体厚度无穿孔板的对比组,探究穿孔板对结构吸声特性的影响。

表2     MPP+TPMS夹芯结构设计参数
Table 2     Design parameters of MPP+TPMS sandwich structure
类型 结构厚度/mm Primitive腔体厚度/mm 微穿孔孔径/mm 微穿孔板孔隙率/% Primitive单元体尺寸/mm
MPP0.6+P–U12.5T20 22 20 0.6 0.351 12.5
MPP0.8+P–U12.5T20 22 20 0.8 0.624 12.5
MPP1+P–U12.5T20 22 20 1.0 0.920 12.5
MPP1.2+P–U12.5T20 22 20 1.2 1.403 12.5
MPP1.4+P–U12.5T20 22 20 1.4 1.909 12.5
MPP0.6+P–U12.5T30 32 30 0.6 0.351 12.5
MPP0.8+P–U12.5T30 32 30 0.8 0.624 12.5
MPP1+P–U12.5T30 32 30 1.0 0.920 12.5
MPP1.2+P–U12.5T30 32 30 1.2 1.403 12.5
MPP1.4+P–U12.5T30 32 30 1.4 1.909 12.5
MPP0.6+P–U12.5T40 42 40 0.6 0.351 12.5
MPP0.8+P–U12.5T40 42 40 0.8 0.624 12.5
MPP1+P–U12.5T40 42 40 1.0 0.920 12.5
MPP1.2+P–U12.5T40 42 40 1.2 1.403 12.5
MPP1.4+P–U12.5T40 42 40 1.4 1.909 12.5
MPP0.6+P–U12.5T50 52 50 0.6 0.351 12.5
MPP0.8+P–U12.5T50 52 50 0.8 0.624 12.5
MPP1+P–U12.5T50 52 50 1.0 0.920 12.5
MPP1.2+P–U12.5T50 52 50 1.2 1.403 12.5
MPP1.4+P–U12.5T50 52 50 1.4 1.909 12.5
MPP0.6+P–U12.5T60 62 60 0.6 0.351 12.5
MPP0.8+P–U12.5T60 62 60 0.8 0.624 12.5
MPP1+P–U12.5T60 62 60 1.0 0.920 12.5
MPP1.2+P–U12.5T60 62 60 1.2 1.403 12.5
MPP1.4+P–U12.5T60 62 60 1.4 1.909 12.5

表3轻量化参数表征结果所示,样品的等效密度ρeff介于0.2087~0.3540 g/cm3区间内,材料的实体密度为1.1749 g/cm3,相对密度ρ区间为0.1776~0.3013。这说明MPP–Primitive夹芯结构通过三周期极小曲面Primitive拓扑在轴向扩展时自主优化的孔隙分布特性,实现了显著的轻量化效果。

表3     MPP–Primitive夹芯结构轻量化特性参数表征表
Table 3     Characterization table of lightweight characteristic parameters of MPP–Primitive sandwich structure
类型 质量/g 等效密度ρeff/(g/cm3 实体密度ρsoild/(g/cm3 相对密度ρ
MPP0.6+P–U12.5T20 47.1286 0.2728 1.1749 0.2322
MPP0.8+P–U12.5T20 47.1235 0.2727 1.1749 0.2321
MPP1+P–U12.5T20 47.0752 0.2724 1.1749 0.2319
MPP1.2+P–U12.5T20 46.8618 0.2712 1.1749 0.2308
MPP1.4+P–U12.5T20 45.9765 0.2661 1.1749 0.2265
MPP0.6+P–U12.5T30 66.3498 0.2640 1.1749 0.2247
MPP0.8+P–U12.5T30 66.3447 0.2640 1.1749 0.2247
MPP1+P–U12.5T30 66.2964 0.2638 1.1749 0.2245
MPP1.2+P–U12.5T30 66.0830 0.2629 1.1749 0.2238
MPP1.4+P–U12.5T30 65.1977 0.2594 1.1749 0.2208
MPP0.6+P–U12.5T40 74.5350 0.2260 1.1749 0.1923
MPP0.8+P–U12.5T40 74.5299 0.2259 1.1749 0.1923
MPP1+P–U12.5T40 74.4816 0.2258 1.1749 0.1922
MPP1.2+P–U12.5T40 74.2682 0.2251 1.1749 0.1916
MPP1.4+P–U12.5T40 73.3829 0.2225 1.1749 0.1893
MPP0.6+P–U12.5T50 91.6503 0.2244 1.1749 0.1910
MPP0.8+P–U12.5T50 91.6452 0.2244 1.1749 0.1910
MPP1+P–U12.5T50 91.5969 0.2243 1.1749 0.1909
MPP1.2+P–U12.5T50 91.3835 0.2238 1.1749 0.1904
MPP1.4+P–U12.5T50 90.4982 0.2216 1.1749 0.1886
MPP0.6+P–U12.5T60 104.4027 0.2144 1.1749 0.1825
MPP0.8+P–U12.5T60 104.3976 0.2144 1.1749 0.1825
MPP1+P–U12.5T60 104.3493 0.2143 1.1749 0.1824
MPP1.2+P–U12.5T60 104.1359 0.2139 1.1749 0.1820
MPP1.4+P–U12.5T60 103.2506 0.2120 1.1749 0.1805
MPP1+P–U7.5T30 88.9716 0.3540 1.1749 0.3013
MPP1+P–U10T30 73.3902 0.2920 1.1749 0.2485
MPP1+P–U12.5T30 66.2964 0.2638 1.1749 0.2245
MPP1+P–U15T30 54.8267 0.2181 1.1749 0.1857
MPP1+P–U17.5T30 52.4445 0.2087 1.1749 0.1776

1.3     熔融堆积成型制备工艺

Primitive腔体、微穿孔板以及实心背板采用熔融沉积成型(FDM)设备(A8s,深圳市极光尔沃科技股份有限公司)进行制造,打印过程中均无采用支撑结构,填充密度均为100%,关键制造参数见表4,制造材料均采用聚乳酸打印材料(PLA),FDM制造的不同腔体厚度样品如图3所示。

表4     FDM打印参数
Table 4     FDM Printing Parameters
试验设备 打印温度/℃ 打印精度/mm 打印速度/(mm·s–1
JG MAKER–A8S 210 0.12 30

图3     不同单元体尺寸Primitive腔体样品和不同腔体厚度的Primitive腔体样品的实物图
Fig.3     Actual pictures of Primitive cavity samples with different unit sizes and Primitive cavity samples with different cavity thicknesses

1.4     吸声系数试验

根据ASTM E1050–12标准,如图4所示,采用直径为100 mm的双传声器声阻抗管(SW4661,北京声望声电技术股份有限公司,中国),有效频段为160~1700 Hz。本测试利用阻抗管的一端向样品端发射法向平面声波,通过样品前端的两个传声器接收实时声压信号,时域信号经傅里叶变换处理为频域复数声压,再通过分析软件基于传递函数法计算复反射系数R与吸声系数α

图4     双传声器声阻抗管设备
Fig.4     Dual microphone acoustic impedance tube equipment

1.5     MPP–Primitive夹芯结构吸声理论模型

利用传递矩阵法建立MPP–Primitive结构的吸声理论模型。MPP–Primitive夹芯结构声阻抗率由MPP声阻抗率与Primitive声阻抗率串联耦合而成,通过传递矩阵连乘精确描述层间声波的传播与耦合效应,求解刚性背衬边界条件下的表面输入声阻抗率。

根据微穿孔板吸声理论[  马大猷. 微穿孔板结构的设计[J]. 声学学报, 1988, 13(3): 174–180.MA Dayou. Design of microperforated panel constructions[J]. Acta Acustica, 1988, 13(3): 174–180.
46
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,当声波入射到微穿孔板时,声波会驱动微孔内狭窄通道中的空气柱产生强烈振动,而空气柱与微孔壁面之间发生粘性摩擦,故将微穿孔板等效为声质量m与声阻抗r,微穿孔板声阻抗率可表示为

Zm=r+jωm
(2)

r=32μρt0pd2(1+k232+28dtk)
(3)

m=ρ0tp[1+(9+k22)12+0.85dt]
(4)

式中,j为虚数单位;k为微穿孔板常数;μ为空气运动黏性系数;ρ0为空气密度;t为微穿孔板的厚度;p为微穿孔板的穿孔率;d为微穿孔板的孔径;ω为角频率。

k=d2ωρ0μ
(5)

微穿孔板的传递矩阵Tm可表示为式(6)。

Tm=[1Zm01]
(6)

基于Johnson–Champoux–Allard等效流体模型[  CHAMPOUX Y, ALLARD J F. Dynamic tortuosity and bulk modulus in air-saturated porous media[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 1991, 70(4): 1975–1979.
 LAFARGE D, LEMARINIER P, ALLARD J F, et al. Dynamic compressibility of air in porous structures at audible frequencies[J]. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1997, 102(4): 1995–2006.
 JOHNSON D L, KOPLIK J, DASHEN R. Theory of dynamic permeability and tortuosity in fluid-saturated porous media[J]. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1987, 176: 379–402.
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,将Primitive结构等效为多孔介质骨架,忽略固体骨架的振动,将Primitive结构孔隙内的空气视为一种具有等效动态密度ρω)和等效体积模量Kω)的“等效流体”。ρω)、Kω)可分别由式(7)和(8)计算。

ρ(ω)=ρ0αϕ[1+σϕjαρ0ω(1+4jα2ηρ0ωσ2Λ2ϕ2)12]
(7)

K(ω)=γP0/ϕγ(γ1)[1jκ0ϕρ0κ0Prω(1+j4κ02ρ0Prωκ0(Λϕp)2)12]1
(8)

式中,σ为气流流阻率;ϕ为孔隙率;Λ为材料粘性特征长度;Λ′为热特征长度;η为空气动力黏度;γ为空气比热比;p0为空气气压;α为材料曲折度;κ0为静态粘性渗透率;κ0为热渗透率;Pr为普朗特数;复数波数可表示为

kp=ωρ(ω)K(ω)
(9)

特性阻抗可表示为

Zp=ρ(ω)K(ω)
(10)

Primitive结构的传递矩阵TP可表示为

Tp=[cos(kpL)jZpsin(kpL)jZp1sin(kpL)cos(kpL)]
(11)

式中,L为Primitive结构厚度。

将微穿孔板、Prmitive结构的传递矩阵相乘,可以获得全局传递矩阵。

Tt=Tm·Tp=[T11T12T21T22]
(12)

MPP–Primitive复合吸声结构的表面声阻抗Zt

Zt=T11T21
(13)

通过式(14)求得吸声系数α

α=1|Ztρ0c0Zt+ρ0c0|2
(14)

式中,c0为空气声速。平均吸声系数由频率范围160~1700 Hz的所有吸声系数α值求平均值得到。

1.6     有限元仿真

在COMSOL Multiphysics 6.2中使用压力声学模块和热黏性声学模块对所提出的理论模型进行了数值验证。由于MPP–Primitive结构在xy方向具有周期性,为了节省计算资源,对单个MPP–Primitive结构单元体进行仿真,图5显示了1个MPP+TPMS结构的流体域三维(3D)有限元模型。为了模拟开放边界条件,该模型两端设有两个完美匹配层作为消声端,抑制声波在边界处的反射。在压力声学模块中,在穿孔上面的空气域添加背景压力场,声波沿负z方向传播,声压为1 Pa。为了有效捕捉压力声学模块的能量耗散情况,选择热传导和黏性作为流体模型。考虑到声波耗散主要发生在窄孔及其附近薄层内,在该模型的窄孔处加入了热黏性声学,为了准确捕捉热粘性声学效应,对微孔使用扫掠,并在网格划分时添加厚度为边界层,边界层网格厚度为0.2*dvisc(dvisc=220 [μm]*(100 [Hz]/1700 [Hz])–2)以准确捕捉热粘性声学边界层效应,其余部分均采用自由四面体网格划分。此外,在压力声学和热黏性声学的交界处进行多物理场耦合,设置声–热黏性声学边界,保持不同声学模块仿真之间连续性。

图5     单元体的MPP–Primitive夹芯结构网格图
Fig.5     Grid diagram of the MPP–Primitive sandwich structure of a single unit

2     结果与讨论

2.1     MPP、Primitive不同单元体尺寸对吸声特性的影响

MPP、Primitive单元体尺寸对夹芯结构的吸声特性影响如图6所示。结果表明,Primitive单元体尺寸的增大导致了其吸声系数曲线的波峰峰值、波峰幅值以及有效吸收频宽发生明显改变。图6(a)和(c)展示了当结构没有微穿孔板时,不同单元体尺寸Primitive结构的吸声曲线出现很多细微波动,在中频范围上出现了低幅值吸收尖峰,但其吸声峰值均不超过0.35。说明了在未引入MPP之前,因Primitive结构具有高孔隙率、低流阻等物理特性,声波虽仍在Primitive结构中产生局部共振与粘滞耗散效应,但声阻不足导致多个弱阻尼共振模态叠加,导致能量耗散不足。在添加MPP之后,通过微孔粘滞摩擦产生高声阻,同时MPP的声质量与Prmitive空腔声顺耦合形成亥姆霍兹共振系统,并将原本分散的、效率较低的吸声机制协同整合和增强。此外,高声阻抗R会显著降低系统品质因子Q,从而将吸声频带拓宽,品质因子Q[  KINSLER L E, et al. Fundamentals of acoustics[M]. New York: Wiley, 2000.
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可表示为式(15)。

Q=frBand width=1RMC
(15)

式中,fr为共振频率;Band width为半吸声频带宽(同一吸收峰的吸声系数为0.5的吸声频宽),C=V0/ρ0c为腔体声顺(其中,c为空气声速;V0为腔体体积)。

图6     不同单元体尺寸对Primitive结构和MPP–Primitive结构吸声性能的影响
Fig.6     Influence of different unit sizes on the sound absorption performance of Primitive structures and MPP–Primitive structures

图6(b)表5观察到,伴随着单元体尺寸的逐渐增大,可以发现吸声系数的曲线呈现出向低频方向移动的趋势,第一共振峰频率从1170 Hz移动至664 Hz,曲线的半吸声宽度也从564 Hz降至484 Hz,但吸收峰峰值从0.801升至0.978,峰值声波波长λpeak也从9.59升至16.90。图6(d)的云图热值也反映了当单元体尺寸增大,云图表明了较大Primitive单元体尺寸的夹芯结构实现了吸声峰向低频迁移、频带窄化与峰值升高的特性。这是由于单元体尺寸增大使共振腔体积扩张,而低频声波波长较长,更容易与较大的共振腔体形成声阻抗匹配,从而引发更强的共振效应,使第一峰向低频移动;而吸声系数的峰值呈现出增大的趋势,也是由于声波与单元体尺寸之间的相互热黏滞作用增强所致。

表5     Primitive不同单元体尺寸MPP+Primitive结构的吸声特性
Table 5     Sound absorption characteristics of MPP+Primitive structures with different unit sizes
类型 结构厚度T/mm 第一吸声峰频率f1 /Hz 第一吸声峰峰值α1 λpeak 频宽/Hz 平均吸声系数
MPP1+P–U7.5T30 31 1170 0.801 9.59 564 0.373
MPP1+P–U10T30 31 912 0.820 12.30 512 0.412
MPP1+P–U12.5T30 31 846 0.875 13.26 510 0.412
MPP1+P–U15T30 31 806 0.965 13.92 532 0.435
MPP1+P–U17.5T30 31 664 0.978 16.90 484 0.414

图7为最小二乘法拟合单元体尺寸大小与吸声第一峰值频率、平均吸声系数的线性关系。图7(a)中的MPP+P–T30拟合曲线快速下降趋势表明Primitive单元体尺寸与第一吸声峰频率f1呈显著负相关,拟合曲线方程斜率为–44.72。而P–T30吸声系数曲线无明显吸声峰,故在图7(a)中无P–T30的拟合曲线。在图7(b)中,P–T30拟合曲线虽呈现平缓下降的趋势,但曲线斜率只为–0.0021。而MPP+P–T30的拟合曲线呈上升趋势,且上升趋势明显快于P–T30拟合曲线变化趋势,曲线斜率达到了0.01,Primitive单元体尺寸与平均吸声系数Aα呈现正线性关系。此外,这也说明了穿孔板不仅影响了结构的吸声能力,还改变了单元体尺寸对平均吸声系数的线性关系。

图7     单元体尺寸对第一峰频率和平均吸声系数的线性关系
Fig.7     Linear relationship of the unit size with the first peak frequency and the average sound absorption coefficient

图8为单个结构基元在第一吸声峰值频率上的纵向截面声压、粒子速度和能量耗散密度分布。图8(a)~(c)为P–T30结构的仿真结果图,随Primitive单元体尺寸的增大而声压变化迟缓,能量耗散不明显,而粒子速度主要集中在Primitive结构尖锐处以及腔体狭窄颈部体现,所以粒子振动速度消耗次数减少。图8(d)~(f)为MPP+P–T30结构的仿真结果图,结构声压、声速、能量耗散的变化主要集中在微孔处,且在数值上都有着明显提高,说明了微穿孔板具有高声阻抗,能有效阻隔了大部分的声波。随着Primitive单元体尺寸的增加,微孔处的声压变化明显、粒子速度增加且能量耗散加剧。当Primitive单元体尺寸增大,共振腔体积变大,腔体声顺增加,但比表面积急剧下降,导致腔体热耗散效率降低,从而腔体辐射阻降低。声阻相对声顺随单元体尺寸的变化较为缓慢,而声质量又仅与穿孔有关。故根据式(15),当单元体尺寸增大,Q增加,吸收带宽变窄。同时,由于低频声波波长较长,大尺寸的Primitive共振腔体对低频声波形成声阻抗匹配,提升粘滞–热耗散效率,所以其低频吸收效果更显著。而小尺寸共振腔体更容易形成密集微孔网络,增加声波与壁面的摩擦,吸收较高频带的声波。总的来说,增加单元体尺寸能够显著提高低频吸声性能,使吸声带宽收窄。

图8     Primitive结构厚度30 mm条件下不同Primitive单元体尺寸Primitive结构和MPP-Primitive结构的声压、声速以及功率耗散密度仿真图
Fig.8     Simulation diagrams of sound pressure, sound velocity and power dissipation density of Primitive structures and MPP–Primitive structures with different Primitive unit sizes under the condition of a Primitive structure thickness of 30 mm

2.2     MPP–Primitive结构孔径与腔体厚度对声学特性的影响

结合图9吸声曲线图、图10声音吸收系数光谱图以及表6吸收特性参数表分析孔径、腔体厚度在双变量正交试验下对MPP–Primitive夹芯结构吸声特性的影响。通过对比图9(b)~(f)中相同孔径的PU12.5结构吸声曲线可以发现,随着腔体厚度的增加,共振频率也会向低频偏移,吸声峰值也出现了下降趋势,semi—absorption频宽变窄,但吸声峰值频率的吸收声波波长变短。更厚的腔体直接扩大背腔体积,使声波在腔体内的传播路径延长,腔体体内的声顺增加,增强声波增强腔内声波与腔壁之间的粘滞耗散与热传导效应,使MPP–Primitive结构的吸声峰峰值向低频方向迁移。其中,当孔径为0.6 mm时,随着Primitive结构的腔体厚度从20 mm升至60 mm,第一峰值从836 Hz降至最低吸收峰值频率的488 Hz,吸声系数从0.993降至0.963。高频声波因波长短,更容易较薄的结构吸收;而低频声波因波长较长,需要更大的空间尺寸进行有效吸收和散射。

图9     MPP孔径与Primitive腔体厚度对吸声系数的影响
Fig.9     Influence of MPP aperture and Primitive cavity thickness on the sound absorption coefficient
图10     不同腔体厚度条件下穿孔板孔径对MPP+Primitive吸声性能影响的复平面图
Fig.10     Complex plane diagram of the effect of perforated plate aperture on MPP+Primitive sound absorption performance under different cavity thickness conditions
表6     不同腔体厚度条件下穿孔板孔径对MPP+Primitive吸声特性影响的数据表
Table 6     Data table of the effect of perforated plate aperture on MPP+Primitive sound absorption characteristics under different cavity thickness conditions
类型 结构厚度T /mm 第一吸声峰频率f1 /Hz 第一吸声峰峰值α1 λpeak 宽频/Hz 平均吸声系数
MPP0.6+P–U12.5T20 21 836 0.993 19.81 584 0.452
MPP0.8+P–U12.5T20 21 880 0.996 18.82 540 0.434
MPP1+P–U12.5T20 21 1010 0.998 16.40 536 0.426
MPP1.2+P–U12.5T20 21 1114 0.795 14.87 564 0.374
MPP1.4+P–U12.5T20 21 1206 0.712 13.73 534 0.342
MPP0.6+P–U12.5T30 31 666 0.988 16.85 514 0.429
MPP0.8+P–U12.5T30 31 814 0.977 13.78 496 0.418
MPP1+P–U12.5T30 31 846 0.875 13.26 512 0.414
MPP1.2+P–U12.5T30 31 958 0.785 11.71 478 0.380
MPP1.4+P–U12.5T30 31 968 0.653 11.59 400 0.338
MPP0.6+P–U12.5T40 41 616 0.986 13.77 498 0.441
MPP0.8+P–U12.5T40 41 684 0.942 12.40 480 0.414
MPP1+P–U12.5T40 41 692 0.902 12.26 480 0.407
MPP1.2+P–U12.5T40 41 790 0.755 10.74 456 0.374
MPP1.4+P–U12.5T40 41 834 0.645 10.17 352 0.329
MPP0.6+P–U12.5T50 51 542 0.969 12.58 440 0.409
MPP0.8+P–U12.5T50 51 570 0.925 11.96 438 0.393
MPP1+P–U12.5T50 51 622 0.859 10.96 420 0.379
MPP1.2+P–U12.5T50 51 720 0.747 9.47 414 0.356
MPP1.4+P–U12.5T50 51 756 0.718 9.02 308 0.307
MPP0.6+P–U12.5T60 61 488 0.963 11.68 426 0.396
MPP0.8+P–U12.5T60 61 506 0.953 11.27 404 0.373
MPP1+P–U12.5T60 61 528 0.857 10.80 398 0.360
MPP1.2+P–U12.5T60 61 610 0.724 9.35 346 0.324
MPP1.4+P–U12.5T60 61 632 0.688 9.02 274 0.292

图9(b)~(f)以及图10(b)~(f)中,通过对比相同Primitive腔体厚度、不同孔径的吸声系数曲线和声波吸收光谱可知,随着MPP的孔径减少,其对应的吸声系数曲线的吸收共振峰值和完美吸收区域会向低频偏移,但半吸声光谱带宽收窄,吸声峰峰值增加。根据亥姆霍兹共振频率(式(16)),孔半径减小,SNLeff会减小,但SN变化速率快于Leff,故共振峰值向低频移动。

fr=c2πSNV·Leff
(16)

式中,fr为共振频率;SN为颈部的横截面积;V为背腔体积;Leff为径部有效长度(含末端修正因子0.7r)。故Leff=LN+0.7r。式中,LN为径长;r为径部半径。

由式(3)和(4)可知,孔径减少会增强穿孔的声阻抗和声质量,使得声波在穿孔板中发生更剧烈的局部共振,从而穿孔内声波的能量损耗增加,使共振峰附近的吸声特性得到提升。但通过对式(3)和(4)定量分析,孔径减少,声阻的变化率远大于声质量,故Q减少,半吸声带宽得到扩宽。

图11显示了5种不同腔体厚度的MPP孔径与第一吸声峰峰值频率、平均吸声系数的拟合曲线关系。由图11(a)所知,MPP的孔径d与第一吸声峰峰值频率f1为线性正相关关系,且腔体厚度增加会使拟合曲线的斜率值减小。此外,随着腔体厚度的增加,拟合曲线所处的第一吸声峰峰值频率范围越低。而由图11(b)所知,MPP的d与平均吸声系数Aα呈现线性负相关关系,且腔体厚度增加会使拟合曲线的斜率绝对值增大,提升拟合曲线的平均吸声系数。通过这些规律可知,减少MPP孔径、增加腔体厚度可以使MPP+Primitive夹芯结构获得低频高效吸声声学特性。

图11     MPP孔径对MPP–Primitive夹芯结构第一吸声峰峰值频率和平均吸声系数的影响
Fig.11     Influence of MPP aperture on the peak-to-peak frequency and average sound absorption coefficient of the first sound absorption peak of the MPP–Primitive sandwich structure

图12(a)~(c)得知,PU12.5模型的声压变化随着腔体厚度的增加而更加明显,同时增加粒子共振速度和声波能量的耗散路径。而从图12(d)~(f)可知,孔径越小,可更有效地阻隔声波传播,使粒子的振动速度和能量耗散得到了显著提升。此外,孔径减小,微穿孔板的穿孔率会随之降低。当穿孔率降低时,声质量增加,但孔径减小会显著提升声阻抗,使声波更易通过摩擦耗能转化为热能,两者协同作用可增强对低频声波的阻抗匹配能力。从图12(d)~(f)可知,Primitive结构厚度的增加使结构的声压、声速以及能量耗散在一定程度上得到了增强。这说明增加背腔Primitive结构厚度,可延长声波传播路径,增强粘热效应,提升更低频段声波的吸收效果[  ZHANG P F, LI Z H, LIU B, et al. Sound absorption performance of micro-perforated plate sandwich structure based on triply periodic minimal surface[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2023, 27: 386–400.
51
]

图12     不同Primitive腔体厚度条件下Primitive结构、MPP+Primitive结构的吸声特性仿真结果
Fig.12     Simulation results of sound absorption characteristics of Primitive structure and MPP+Primitive structure under different Primitive cavity thickness conditions

3     结论

本文采用熔融沉积成型技术制备了MPP–Primitive夹芯结构,结构的相对密度集中在0.1776~0.3510区间内,实现了结构轻量化。采用声阻抗管测量结构的中低频吸声数据,结合有限元仿真和吸声理论模型,系统研究微穿孔板结构中Primitive单元体尺寸、腔体厚度及穿孔孔径对其吸声特性的影响,并揭示其吸声机理。本文得出以下具体结论。

(1)引入微穿孔板,空气会在微穿孔内粘滞摩擦,产生高声阻,实现高效能量耗散。同时MPP的声质量与背腔声顺耦合形成强阻尼单共振系统,产生0.801~0.978区间的主吸声峰峰值。高声阻显著降低系统Q值,将半吸声频带拓宽至564~484 Hz,并抑制其他杂散共振,形成高而宽的单一吸声峰。

(2)Primitive单元体尺寸的变化影响了共振腔体积,从而影响共振频率。单元体尺寸增大,扩大声波共振腔体积,更容易与较长的低频声波形成声阻抗匹配,从而降低结构共振频率,增强低频声波吸收效果。

(3)Primitive腔体厚度的增加,有效延长声波传播路径,增加声波增强腔内声波与腔壁之间的粘滞耗散与热传导效应,使吸声峰值向低频移动,提升低频吸声性能。

(4)MPP孔径的减小,显著增大了声阻和声质量,使其声学共振系统的Q值增大,使吸收峰向低频偏移至488 Hz;与单一TPMS结构相比,MPP+TPMS的组合结构可明显提升吸声性能,频带向低频区域移动,吸声峰值接近1。

作者介绍



张明康 副教授,博士,研究方向为超材料结构设计与增材制造技术。

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