Civil aircraft health management technology serves as an effective means to ensure aviation safety and enhance operation and maintenance efficiency. The implementation of health management technology is inseparable from efficient and advanced fault diagnosis technology. Based on the development needs of fault diagnosis technology for typical system health management of civil aircraft, this paper systematically reviews the fault diagnosis technology methods for civil aircraft health management, conducts in-depth analysis from three dimensions: Model-driven, knowledge-driven, and data-driven, summarizes the advantages, disadvantages, and applicable scenarios of each dimension’s technology methods, provides an application framework for the integration of technologies from each dimension, and looks forward to the overall development trend of civil aircraft health management, offering theoretical references and optimization paths for the engineering application of domestic civil aircraft health management technology.