316L stainless steel is widely used in aerospace, ships, automobiles and other fields due to its high strength and toughness, strong corrosion resistance and good processability. In this study, three kinds of triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) lattice structures were prepared by laser powder bed melting technology. The mechanical properties and deformation behavior of TPMS multi-oriented structures fabricated by additive manufacturing were studied by experimental test methods.The results show that increasing the volume fraction and sandblasting process can improve the Young’s modulus, yield strength and energy absorption capacity of the three structures. The bearing capacity of the DT structure is obviously improved due to the increase of the volume fraction. The bearing capacity of the DF structure is obviously improved due to the sandblasting process. The strain distribution obtained by digital image correlation technique (DIC) shows that the orientation design significantly changes the strain transfer process of TPMS structure under compressive load. This study provides a valuable solution for the manufacture of 316L lightweight lattice structures with more controllable performance.