With the rapid advancement of modern aviation technology, critical load-bearing components are subjected to complex service environments involving cyclic loading, high-temperature oxidation, and severe vibrations. These harsh conditions often lead to fatigue cracking, stress corrosion cracking, and high-temperature creep failures, posing serious threats to the safety and reliability of aerospace equipment. Laser shock peening can introduce deep residual compressive stresses into the surface layer of materials, significantly enhancing fatigue performance and corrosion resistance, and has been successfully applied to components such as engine blades and landing gears. However, conventional single-process laser shock peening technology faces limitations in terms of plastic deformation depth, microstructural control, and uniform strengthening of complex geometries. In recent years, energy field assisted laser shock peening has emerged by incorporating auxiliary energy fields such as ultrasonic vibration, electric pulses, magnetic fields, thermal fields, and cryogenic environments. This approach enables deeper energy coupling and precise multiscale microstructural regulation, significantly improving fatigue life, corrosion resistance, and high-temperature service performance of materials. This paper reviews the mechanisms and current applications of energy field assisted laser shock peening in aerospace components, focusing on the effects of different auxiliary fields on microstructural evolution, residual stress distribution, and mechanical property enhancement. Case studies on aerospace blades, turbine disks, and landing gears are presented to highlight its advantages in improving fatigue resistance, corrosion resistance, and structural reliability. Finally, future trends and potential applications of energy field assisted laser shock peening in intelligent manufacturing and surface strengthening of high-performance aerospace materials are discussed, providing theoretical guidance and engineering references for optimizing the comprehensive performance of critical aerospace components.