As the service environments of aerospace equipment become increasingly complex and extreme, traditional epoxy resin coatings face technical bottlenecks such as microcrack propagation and deterioration of protective performance. Self-healing technology endows the epoxy resin coatings with damage-healing capability, thus can significantly reduce the risk of failure. This review summarizes the design principles and recent advancements in intrinsic and extrinsic self-healing epoxy resin coatings, analyzes the reversible repair bonding mechanisms of dynamic covalent and non-covalent bonds, and discusses the repair-enhancing principles of carrier-based extrinsic healing technologies such as microcapsules and organic framework structures. Furthermore, challenges including insufficient tolerance to strong radiation and high friction, inadequate repair energy supply, and limited damage-sensing capabilities in aerospace applications are addressed, along with prospects for future development.