With the growing demand for lightweight, intelligent, and long-life aerospace equipment, self-healing functional composite coatings (SHFCs) have become a critical technology to address extreme environmental challenges, owing to their dynamic damage-repair mechanisms and multifunctional synergy. This article systematically reviews the classification, repair mechanisms, and functional applications of self-healing coatings in aviation. SHFCs are categorized into extrinsic and intrinsic types: Extrinsic coatings employ microcapsules or hollow fibers to store healing agents, enabling physical filling or chemical repair of damage; Intrinsic coatings rely on dynamic covalent bonds (e.g., Diels–Alder bonds, disulfide bonds) or non-covalent bonds (e.g., hydrogen bonds, metal coordination) to achieve repeated self-healing through molecular chain reorganization. Furthermore, synergistic design strategies for functionalized SHFCs are highlighted, including corrosionresistant self-healing coatings, superhydrophobic self-healing coatings and conductive/electromagnetic shielding self-healing coatings. Future research should focus on optimizing the responsiveness of dynamic chemical bonds, resolving large-scale manufacturing bottlenecks, and expanding applications in extreme environments such as high temperatures and radiation, thereby providing innovative solutions to enhance the reliability and intelligent development of aerospace equipment.