The effect of shot penning on the surface integrity and fatigue life of TC17 alloy was investigated. The effect of shot type and shot peening intensity on surface roughness, residual stress, microhardness, and microstructure was analyzed by using surface roughness tester, a scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction residual stress analyzer, microhardness instrument, etc. The fatigue life before and after shot peening was tested by rotating bending fatigue testing machine. The relationship between surface integrity and fatigue life was discussed. Results show that surface roughness (Ra) of 0.5~1.0μm was obtained after shot peening, the thickness of compressive residual stress layer was approximately 100μm,and the maximum compressive residual stress was located at about 30μm depth beneath the surface, work hardening and grain deformation were observed. Compared with the fatigue life of untreated specimens, the longest fatigue life is obtained when utilizing glass shot, then utilizing ceramic shot, last utilizing cast steel shot. The mechanism of improving fatigue life after shot peening is due to the induced deep compressive residual stress layer, high surface hardening degree and surface grain refinement.